Table 3 PM_2.5 exposure in endothelial cells

[110]

EA.hy926

Beijing, China Urban PM_2.5

PM_2.5: 2, 10, 40, 100, 200, 1000 μg /cm²;

SOD (ROS scavenger): 0.5 mg/ml.

24 h

Trace elements in PM_2.5 suspension, water-insoluble and water-soluble;

Cell viability; ROS; MMP; Apoptosis.

[111]

EA.hy926, HUVECs

PM_2.5

SRM1648a, NIST, USA

PM_2.5: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μg /cm²;

4-PBA (ER stress inhibitor): 1 mM; 3-MA (a classical PI3K III inhibitor, autophagy antagonist): 2.5 mM; Rapa (an mTOR inhibitor, autophagy agonist): 50 nM; Bafi A1 (a proton-pump inhibitor, autolysosome inhibitor): 20 nM.

24 h

Cell viability; ER stress; Autophagy; Apoptosis; Autophagic flux.

[112]

EA.hy926, HUVECs

PM_2.5

SRM1648a, NIST, USA

PM_2.5: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μg/cm²;

Fer-1 and DFOM (ferroptosis inhibitors): 500 nM and 5 μM, respectively.

24 h or 12 h

Cell viability; intracellular iron content; GSH; lipid peroxidation; redox imbalance; ferroptosis-related genes or biomarkers.

[113]

PCAECs

Fine dust, ERM-CZ100, Sigma-Aldrich, USA

Fine dust: 1, 3, 10, 30, 100 μg/ml;

NAC: 10 mM; Losartan: 10 μM.

48 h or 1, 4, 24 h

SA-β-gal; platelet aggregation; cell proliferation; Oxidative stress; Relaxation; Senescence.

[114]

HUVECs

Beijing, China

PM_2.5: 2, 20, 100 μg/ml;

NAC: 5 mmol/l

6, 12, 24 h

VE-cadherin; VEGFR2 and MAPK/ERK signaling; ROS; SOD.

[108]

HUVECs

Beijing, China

PM_2.5: 80 μg/ml;

miR-21 inhibitor

24 h

miR-21; target genes; VE-cadherin.

[115]

HUVECs

Mexico

PM_2.5: 20 μg/cm²;

3, 24, 48, 72 h

Oxidative stress; NF-κB; Apoptosis.

[116]

HUVECs

Wuhan, China

PM_2.5: 6.25, 12.5, 25 μg/ml;

SP600125 (JNKs inhibitor);

SB203580 (p38K inhibitor);

PD98059 (ERKs inhibitor);

24 h

AP-1; Oxidative stress; pro-inflammatory response.

[117]

HUVECs, HMEC-1

PM_2.5

NIST, USA

PM_2.5: 100, 200, 400, 800 μg/ml;

24 h

Cell viability; Apoptosis; Migration; Tube formation; ROS; Inflammation.

[118]

EA.hy926

Yuquan Road, Beijing, China

PM_2.5: 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/ml;

SP600125 (JNK inhibitor): 25 μM; U0126 (ERK inhibitor): 10μM; SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor): 25μM; LY294002 (PI3K/AKT inhibitor): 25μM; BAY11-7082 (NF-kB inhibitor): 5μM.

1, 3, 6, 12, 24 h

Cell viability; ROS; Adhesion molecule; Adhesion experiment.

[119]

HUVECs

COFs-derived PM_2.5

PM_2.5: 12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200μg/ml;

SU5416 (a VEGFR2 inhibitor): 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 20 μM.

12, 24, 36 h

Cell viability; Tube formation.

[120]

HUVECs

Taiyuan, China

PM_2.5: 1, 5, 10 μg/ml;

Pam3CSK4 (TLR2 agonist): 1μg/ml; LPS (TLR4 agonist): 500μg/ml; anti-TLR2 (TLR2 inhibitor): 10μg/ml;

TAK242 (TLR4 inhibitor): 5μmol/l.

12 h

Inflammation.

[121]

MAECs

Wuhan, China

PM_2.5: 25, 50, 100 μg/ml;

NS-398 (COX-2 inhibitor): 10μM.

12, 24 h

Apoptosis.

[122]

HUVECs,

ATG12-KO HUVECs

Diesel exhaust particles (DEP)

DEP: 25, 50 μg/ml;

NAC: 5 mM; Nutllin-3a: 5 μM;

PMA (ROS inducer): 1μM

2, 4, 8, 24 h

Cell viability; ROS; Cytokeleton; Lysosome; Apoptosis; DNA damage; Tube formation; Migration; Autophagy.

[123]

HAECs

DEP

DEP: 12.5, 25, 50μg/ml;

2, 4, 6 h

Permeability; LDH; Apoptosis; ZO-1.

[124]

HUVECs

Non-industry district, Shanghai, China

PM_2.5: 100, 200, 400 μg/ml;

Atorvastatin: 0.1, 1, 10 μmol/l.

24 h

Water-soluble and organic extracts; Cell viability; Oxidative stress; Cytokines.

[125]

HCAECs

Southern Taiwan

PM_2.5: 20, 50 μg/ml;

4 h

Metal fume particles; Cell viability; 8-OHdG; IL-6; NO.

[126]

HUVECs

Mexico

PM_2.5: 5, 10, 20, 40 μg/cm²;

TNF-α: 10 ng/ml.

6 or 24 h

Cell viability; Adhesion; Adhesion molecules.

[127]

HUVECs

Beijing, China

PM_2.5: 5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/ml;

Rap: 100 nmol/l; 3-MA: 5 mmol/l.

24 h

Cell viability; Autophagosome; Autophagy.

[128]

EA.hy926

Coal-fired PM_2.5 (Yinchuan, Datong, Jingxi, Zhijin, China)

PM_2.5: 10, 25, 50 μg/ml;

24 h

Cell viability; DNA methylation; DNA damage.