Fig. 8From: Underestimated health risks: polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics jointly induce intestinal barrier dysfunction by ROS-mediated epithelial cell apoptosisSchematic diagram of the present study. When microplastics are in the environment, more undetected nanoplastics are around. The current “microplastic exposure” is in fact the mixture of micro- and nanoplastic exposures. The PS micro- and nanoplastics affect the intestinal permeability in a size-dependent manner and change their biodistribution. More importantly, we found a combined toxicity of PS micro- and nanoplastics on the intestine. This manifested as the mixture of PS micro- and nanoplastics causing more severe intestinal barrier dysfunction, compared with the micro- or nanoplastics alone. Considering that most existing studies on PS micro- and nanoplastics have been conducted using a single particle size, the health risk of exposure to PS micro- and nanoplastics on organisms could be underestimated and in need of reevaluation accounting for the biological interaction between varying sizes of PS micro- and nanoplasticsBack to article page