Fig. 3

Dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of pristine and isolated NPs on the HaCaT cells at different time intervals. Treatment time interval a 24 h, b 48 h, c 72 h, d 96 h, e 120 h and f 144 h respectively for the PENPs, PSNPs, NPs-1, NPs-2 and H₂O₂. The data are presented as the means ± SEM of three independent experiments: *p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001 significantly different within the same NPs concentration