Fig. 5

PS extraction and perturbation by GFMs as affected by BaP adsorption. a PS extraction by suspended graphene adsorbed with 80 BaPs. b PS extraction by graphene oxide adsorbed with 80 BaPs. c Graphene adsorbed with 200 BaPs. d Graphene oxide adsorbed with 200 BaPs. Each snapshot is displayed from both side and top views for illustration of associated PS extraction, BaP release and PS layer rupture. e Time evolutions of the PS area under different conditions. The time points for PS layer rupture are labelled with colored arrows. f, g LUV interactions with graphene and graphene oxide monitored by QCM-D. The changes of the frequency shift and dissipation shift show the lipid extraction by graphene and graphene oxide. The concentrations of graphene/graphene oxide suspensions were 20 mg/L and the flow rate of QCM-D was fixed at 0.1 mL/min for more than 20 min. h Attachment of GUV on graphene and the induced vesicle perturbation as a function of incubation time (0–20 min) as imaged by LCSM. Graphene suspension was diluted to 50 mg/L by 0.1 M glucose, and observed for at least 20 min