Fig. 3

PM exposure induced dysbiosis of the lung microbiota and decreased microbial-derived indole in the lung. Neonatal mice (age: 3 days) were exposed to PM or vehicle and BALF was isolated at 4 dpe. BALF samples were subjected to 16s DNA sequencing for microbiota analysis. A Relative abundance of bacterial species. The top 25 bacterial species were compared, but only bacteria in either group > 5% were plotted. n = 3–4. B β-diversity measured by Bray–Curtis dissimilarity and visualized by PCoA analysis. PM (red)- or vehicle (blue)-exposed mice. n = 3–4. C α-diversity expressed as Shannon Index. n = 3–4. BALF samples were also analyzed for D tryptophan and E indole levels. n = 8–10, *p < 0.05