Fig. 4

Locomotor activity was measured at PND 20 at two intervals: Interval 1 (0–5 min) and Interval 2 (> 5–10 min) for male (n = 8) and female (n = 8) pups dosed between PND 2–5 (A, D), PND 7–10 (B, E), and PND 17–20 (C, F). The locomotor activity was significantly increased for Interval 1 for female pups dosed between PND 7–10, while the locomotor activity was significantly decreased for male pups in Interval 2 dosed between PND 17–20. Box and whisker plots, where the box extends from the 25th to 75th percentile and shows the median value, while the whiskers show the minimum and maximum value. TiO₂ NP dose groups are shown in black and vehicle control in gray. Statistical analyses were conducted using Mann–Whitney U test: *P-value < 0.05, **P-value < 0.01, ***P-value < 0.005