Fig. 3
From: Omega-3 fatty acids attenuate cardiovascular effects of short-term exposure to ambient air pollution
Schematic showing cardiovascular benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFA against short-term exposure to ambient air pollution. Healthy participants were enrolled in the low and high omega-3 groups based on their dietary omega-3 PUFA intake. Associations between exposure to ambient PM2.5 and O3 and cardiovascular biomarkers in blood and heart rate variability were assessed. Differential impacts of dietary omega-3 PUFA were observed on the cardiovascular biomarkers in response to short-term exposure to low-level ambient air pollution. DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PM2.5, fine particulate matter; SAA, serum amyloid A; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; VLF, very-low frequency; vWF, von Willebrand factor