Table 3 Summary of associations between air pollutant and cardiovascular biomarkers in low and high omega-3 groups
From: Omega-3 fatty acids attenuate cardiovascular effects of short-term exposure to ambient air pollution
Outcome | PM2.5 | O3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Low omega-3 | High omega-3 | Low omega-3 | High omega-3 | |
Blood lipids | ||||
Total cholesterol | ↓L1−2 and 5dMA | → | ↑L0, ↓L2-4 | ↓L1 |
HDL | → | → | ↓L2−4 and 5dMA | → |
LDL | → | → | → | ↓L1 |
Vascular inflammation | ||||
SAA | → | → | ↑L1 and 5dMA | → |
sICAM-1 | → | → | ↑L0 | ↓L4 |
sVCAM-1 | → | → | → | → |
Coagulation/fibrinolysis factors | ||||
tPA | ↑L3 | → | → | → |
vWF | ↑L0, ↓L3−4 | → | ↑L0 | → |
D-dimer | ↑L1, ↓L4 | → | → | → |
HRV and repolarization | ||||
VLF | ↓L0 | → | → | → |
P complexity | → | ↑L4 and 5dMA | → | → |