Fig. 1

Relative abundance of bacterial phyla (a), classes (b), order (c) and family (d) in the gut microbiota of male Wistar rats after exposure to vehicle control, Ag or SiO₂ nanoparticles. VC, Vehicle control (nanoparticle-free PBS + BSA); Ag50, Ag nanoparticles (100 mg/kg body weight/day); SiO₂, SiO₂ nanoparticles (1000 mg/kg body weight/day). Mean values of the relative abundance of the different ASVs from gut microbiota after a 25-day oral gavage, analyzed from feces samples of five animals in each group (N = 5). Values with abundance ≥ 1% in at least one group are shown for each taxonomic level