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Table 1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the birch pulp fibres and fractionated fibrillated cellulose samples

From: Surface functionalization and size modulate the formation of reactive oxygen species and genotoxic effects of cellulose nanofibrils

Material

U-CNF

T-CNF

C-CNF

E-CNF

Source fibres

Surface modification

None

TEMPO oxidation

Carboxy-methylation

EPTMAC quaternization

None

Degree of crystallinity (%)

75

67

71

70

76

Fibril dimensions (nm)

Fine

D

5.7 ± 0.1

4.7 ± 0.9

4.9 ± 0.1

4.8 ± 0.1

D: 16.2 ± 1.3 µm

L

989 ± 256

892 ± 301

1127 ± 231

1020 ± 505

L/D

173

191

228

213

Medium

D

8.6 ± 0.1

7.8 ± 0.3

8.9 ± 0.2

7.6 ± 0.3

L: 0.9 ± 0.1 mm

L

1690 ± 640

1491 ± 125

1920 ± 321

1702 ± 124

L/D

197

190

215

225

Coarse

D

18.8 ± 1.4

15.4 ± 0.2

17.5 ± 0.1

16.30 ± 1.0

L/D: 55.5

L

2768 ± 521

2168 ± 352

2692 ± 232

1990 ± 129

L/D

147

141

154

122

ζ-potential (mV)

Fine

Water

 − 16.5 ± 3.8

 − 36.5 ± 3.2

 − 36.7 ± 1.0

10.6 ± 0.2

Water:

 − 13.5 ± 1.6

LHC-9

 − 7.2 ± 0.6

 − 1.8 ± 0.1

 − 14.2 ± 1.3

3.3 ± 0.5

Medium

Water

 − 22.2 ± 2.1

 − 41.5 ± 2.7

 − 37.7 ± 1.6

31.6 ± 0.8

LHC-9:

 − 10.5 ± 0.6

LHC-9

 − 11.3 ± 1.1

 − 3.9 ± 0.8

 − 16.1 ± 1.5

11.5 ± 0.9

Coarse

Water

 − 20.3 ± 2.8

 − 20.0 ± 2.5

 − 19.9 ± 1.1

35.5 ± 1.0

 

LHC-9

 − 9.8 ± 0.8

 − 2.5 ± 0.3

 − 11.4 ± 1.0

12.8 ± 1.4

  1. Fibre diameter (D) and length (L), and ζ-potential values are expressed as mean ± sd (N = 100 independent observations)