Fig. 6

Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) pathology. Representative pictures of IBA-1 (A) and GFAP (F) (brown staining) in cortex and hippocampus of 5xFAD mice exposed orally to SiO₂ [1%] and CeO₂ [1%] nanomaterials. Analyses were performed using image analysis software (ZEN2011, Zeiss) at 200 × magnification. The output of the analyses represents the percentage of positive staining relative to the total area of the cortex or hippocampus and is defined as IBA-1 load for positive stained microglia and GFAP load for positive stained astrocytes in hippocampus (B, G) and cortex (C, H). Number of animals per group: GFAP staining control (n = 10); SiO₂ 1% (n = 8); CeO₂ 1% (n = 8); IBA-1 staining: control (n = 10); SiO₂ 1% (n = 3); CeO₂ 1% (n = 10). IBA-1 and GFAP were also visualized by western blot using FluorChem Imager (D, I). Total IBA-1 or GFAP was detected in cortex and normalized to the respective control sample (E, J). Animal numbers: control (n = 10); SiO₂ 1% (n = 9); CeO₂ 1% (n = 10)