Fig. 1

Characterization of CDs and determination of basic toxicity parameters. A TEM images and size distribution of CDs. Bar = 20 nm. B UV–Vis absorption spectra and fluorescence excitation-emission spectra of CDs. C and D X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of CDs. E Morphological profiles of KUP5 and AML12 cells treated with 0, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL CDs for 24 h. F–H Cell viability, ATP level, and LDH release rate of KUP5 and AML12 cells were evaluated 24 h after treatment with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL CDs. I The cell viability, ATP, and LDH levels of KUP5 and AML12 cells were visualized by heatmap. N = 3 replications. All values are mean ± SD. The statistical significance of differences was evaluated by one-way ANOVA. Compared with the control group. *, P < 0.05