Table 1 Summary of CuO NP characterization from ERCC

Primary particle size

d_XRD* (nm)

Specific surface area (SSA) (m²/g)

d_BET# (nm)

Mean size (nm)

X-ray diffraction

Brunauer-Emmett teller (BET)

BET

TEM

25.8

13.77 ± 0.68

70.9 ± 3.54

50.24 ± 10.99

Hydrodynamic size in DI water (nm)

Dynamic light scattering

507 ± 51

Zeta potential in DI water (mV)

Dynamic light scattering

-19.0 ± 1.5

Shape factors

Aspect ratio ξ

Circularity ψ

Roundness ζ

TEM

TEM

TEM

1.345 ± 0.202

0.925 ± 0.037

0.759 ± 0.107

Porosity

Pore volume (cm³/g)

Average pore size (nm)

BET

BET

1.87 × 10^–4

2.65

Density (g/cm³)

Pycnometer (N₂ volume replacement)

6.1531 ± 0.0027

Purity

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

98.21% ± 6.11% Cu

Endotoxin levels

Concentration in suspension (EU/mL)

Concentration per mass of ENM (EU/mg)

Recombinant factor C

Recombinant factor C

0.021

2.141