Fig. 1
Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on lipid metabolism in liver of rats. A Multivariate analysis of untargeted metabolomic data by OPLS-DA model showed the significant overall difference in metabolites of positive and negative ion modes between the TiO2 NPs treated group (50 mg/kg) and the control group. B Volcano plot was mapped to distinguish differential metabolites between different groups, taking VIP > 1 and p < 0.05 as the demarcation standard. C The concentrations of well-matched differential lipophilic metabolite in hepatic tissues were shown in heatmap and analyzed by hierarchical clustering, which revealed the change characteristics of metabolites among the experimental groups. D KEGG pathway analysis of differential metabolites between the control and treated group was shown in bubble chart. The names of significant pathways were labeled in the graph with p < 0.05 or Pathway Impact > 0.1. Glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway was significantly changed in liver by oral exposure to TiO2 NPs