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Fig. 3 | Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Fig. 3

From: Road tunnel-derived coarse, fine and ultrafine particulate matter: physical and chemical characterization and pro-inflammatory responses in human bronchial epithelial cells

Fig. 3

Concentration-dependent cytokine responses in HBEC3-KT cells after exposure to PM sampled from a road tunnel. The cells were exposed to coarse, fine and ultrafine PM sampled from the Marienborg road tunnel during dry road surface conditions. The cells were exposed to 0–200 µg PM/mL (0–20.8 µg/cm2) for 20 h. The cytokine release was analysed by ELISA. A CXCL8; B IL-6; C IL-1α; D IL-1β. The cell viability was determined by AlamarBlue (E). The data represent the mean ± SEM of 3 experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA (repeated measured) with Dunnett’s or Tukey multiple comparison test. *Significantly different compared to control, # significantly different from coarse PM, ¤ significantly different from ultrafine PM, p < 0.05

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