Fig. 2

The density and traces plots for posterior parameters. a Densities of prior (blue color) and posterior (pink color) parameter uncertainty distributions of log-transformed population means. b The Bayesian traces plot of four Markov chains of the last 2000 iterations of the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations from the PBPK model in rats orally receiving 19.6 μg of 80 nm AuNPs. Gelman and Rubin Shrink Factors: Potential scale reduction factors: \(\hat{R}\) = 1.0–1.02