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Table 1 Summary of pharmacokinetic studies in rats after oral, intravenous (IV), intratracheal instillation (IT) and inhalation (IH) administration for model calibration and evaluation

From: Development of a multi-route physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for nanomaterials: a comparison between a traditional versus a new route-specific approach using gold nanoparticles in rats

Exposure route

Size (nm)a

Coating

Dose (µg)

Post-exposure sampling times (hours)

Tissues sampled

Strain

References

Calibration

IV

1.4, 5, 18, 80, 200

Citrate

3.2–32.9

1, 24

Bl, GI, Lu, Li, Sp, Ki, Rt, U

Wistar − Kyoto rats

[33]

Oral

5, 18, 80, 200

Citrate

2.6–28.8

1, 24

Bl, GI, Lu, Li, Sp, Ki, Rt, U

Wistar − Kyoto rats

[34]

IT

1.4, 5, 18, 80, 200

Citrate

3.0–40.7

1, 3, 24

Bl, GI, Lu, Li, Sp, Ki, Rt, U

Wistar − Kyoto rats

[35]

IH

23

Citrate

20.1

2, 4, 24, 168, 672

Bl, GI, Lu, Li, Sp, Ki, Rt

Wistar − Kyoto rats

[36]

Validation

IV

22.4, 33.2, 33.7, 35.1, 34.9

Citrate, 11-MUA, CALNN, CALND, CALNS

1

24

Bl, GI, Lu, Li, Sp, Ki, Mu, Br, Bo, Rt

Wistar rats

[47]

IV

16.1

Citrate

0.7

672

Bl, GI, Lu, Li, Sp, Ki, Mu, Br, Bo, Rt

Wistar rats

[48]

  1. 11-MUA 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, CALNN Cys-Ala-Leu-Asn-Asn, CALNS Cys-Ala-Leu-Asn-Ser, CALND Cys-Ala-Leu-Asn-Asp, Bl blood, Br brain, IV intravenous, Ki kidney, Lu lung, Li liver, Mu muscle, GI Gastrointestinal tract, Rt remaining tissues, Sp spleen, U urine
  2. aThe size represents the core diameter of AuNPs