Fig. 4
Dose-dependent induction of biochemical markers in the BALF obtained from the lungs of rats after inhalation of TiO2 NP for 13 weeks. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (A, B), total protein concentration (C, D), and albumin concentration (E, F) in the BALF were measured using an automatic analyzer, and are shown by sex (males: A, C and E; females: B, D and F) (n = 5). Statistical significance was analyzed using Dunn’s or Dunnett’s multiple comparison test: *p < 0.05, and ***p < 0.001