Fig. 4

Spatial distribution of BC mass concentration in TMEs along the routes in A Manila and B Quezon City. Dashed lines correspond to an inner gated area with restricted traffic. The midpoint of the color scale was set to 15 μg m⁻³ (yellow) to visually represent the areas where the BC mass concentration alone exceeded (orange to red) the World Health Organization suggested PM_2.5 daily limit values. Each tile is a 55 m square grid resolution