Fig. 1

Effects of prenatal PM_2.5 exposure on spatial learning and memory in weanling offspring. (a) Morris water maze diagram. Learning performance was assessed by (b) escape latency, (c) distance travelled, (d) thigmotaxis, (e) percentage decrease of latency, and (f) swimming speed during the first 5 days. Memory function was assessed by (g) the total frequency across platform zone in the target quadrant, (h) the time in quadrant (%), (i) the number of times crossing the quadrant, and (j) distance travelled in four quadrants during the memory probe test. n = 13–27 from 10 litters