Table 2 Summary of recent in vitro experiments carried out with CNTs
From: Mesothelioma: Do asbestos and carbon nanotubes pose the same health risk?
Type of CNT | System | Summary results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
SWCNTs (HiPco), (CNI Inc.). Ø: 0.4–1.2 nm L: 1–3 μm | Lung hamster fibroblasts (V79) | Cytotoxicity (time and dose dependent) DNA breakage (comet assay) No significant enhancement of micronuclei | [62] |
SWCNTs (50% SWCNT, about 40% other nanotubes). Ø: 1.1 nm, L: 0.5–100 μm | BEAS 2B human bronchial epithelial cells | Dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. Dose-dependent DNA damage. No formation of micronuclei | [63] |
SWCNTs (NIST) Ø: 1.4 nm, L:2–5 μm | Normal human mesothelial cells and human mesothelioma cell line | Cell death. DNA lesions Stress response activation | [44] |
SWCNTs. Folate conjugated. Ø: 1–3 nm, L: 100 – 200 nm | HepG2 cells (express folate receptor) | No toxicity if < 50 μg/ml. Dose-dependent apoptosis. Kinetics of SWCNT internalisation: Mb → cytoplasm → extracellular | [64] |
SWCNTs (HiPco) | Human lung epithelial cells A549 and immortalised NHBE | Decreased inflammatory response in TNF alpha-stimulated cells | [65] |
SWCNTs Mitsui & Co., Ltd Size unspecified | Human aortic endothelial cells | Internalisation: CNTs identified in the cytoplasm. Cytotoxicity. IL-8 release. Actin filament and Ecadherin disruption. Reduced tubule formation. | [66] |
SWCNTs | Mouse embryo fibroblasts | Low cytotoxicity. DNA damage (comet assay) Oxidative stress | [67] |
MWCNTs. Ø: 67 nm | Mouse macrophages (J774.1). | No MAPKs activation; no apoptosis. Interaction with membrane receptors (MARCO) and plasma membrane destruction | [54] |
MWCNTs. Ø:11.3 nm L:0.7 μm | Human epithelial cells (MCF-7) | Chromosomal aberrations (micronuclei) showing chromosome breakage and loss of whole chromosomes | [61] |
MWCNTs (C100, Arkema). Ø: 12 nm, L: 0.1–13 μm | Human epithelial (A549) and Large T SV40 transformed mesothelial (Met-5A) cells | Decrease in cell viability (mitochondrial alteration) without apoptosis. No oxidative stress. No MWCNT internalisation | [46] |
MWCNTs grinded, unheated, heated to 600°C, 2400°C; 2400°C then grinded. Ø: 20–50 nm; L: 0.7 ± 0.07 μm | Rat lung epithelial cells. | Chromosomal aberrations (micronuclei) Lower effects with 2400°C sample in comparison to 600°C and unheated | [57] |
MWCNTs. Ø: 100–200 nm, L:a few μm | Human epithelial cells (A549) | DNA breakage (comets). No oxidative DNA lesions | [68] |
MWCNTs (Tsinghua & Nananfeng, Cine) | Mouse embryonic cells (ES) | P53 activation. Induction of DNA repair. Mutations (adenine phosphoribosyl transferase) | [69] |
MWCNTs Mitsui & Co., Ltd Size unspecified | Human aortic endothelial cells | Cytotoxicity. IL-8 release. Actin filament and Ecadherin disruption. Reduced tubule formation. | [66] |
MWCNTs | Human pneumocytes A549 | Decrease in cell viability Internalisation | [70] |