Health effects of residential wood smoke particles: the importance of combustion conditions and physicochemical particle properties

Table 3 Emission factors for different types of residential combustion appliances

Type of combustion appliance	Reported emission factors
	Approximate range (mg/MJ)	Reported data (mg/MJ)
Open fireplaces	160 - 910	800 ^a
		160 - 447 ^b,1
		860 - 910 ^b,2
Conventional wood stoves	50 - 2100	700 ^a
		94 - 650 ^b,1
		50 - 1932 ^b,2
		100 ^c
		150 - 2100 ^d
Other conventional stoves, including masonry heaters and sauna stoves	30 - 140	140 ^a
		30 - 100 ^c
Conventional boilers for wood logs
without accumulator tank	50 - 2000	700 ^a
		300 - 2000 ^{b,1 and 2}
		1300 ^c
		300-900 ^d
with accumulator tank	50 - 250	80 ^a
		50 - 300 ^{b,1 and 2}
		95 ^d
Modern wood stoves	34 - 330	34 ^c
		330 ^d
Modern boilers for wood chips or logs	5 - 450	5-450^b,1
		20 - 25 ^c
		30-100 ^d
Pellet stoves and boilers	10 - 50	30 ^a
		10 - 50 ^{b,1 and 2}
		20 ^c
		30 ^d

Emission factors are reported as mg particles emitted per MJ of fuel burnt (MJ = Mega Joule)
^a mean emission factors based on available literature, as reported in [121].
^b range of emission factors based on data from members of the International Energy Agency, as reported in [118]. 1 = measurement of particles at temperatures > 100°C, 2 = measurement of particles in dilution tunnel at temperatures < 100°C.
^c range of emission factors [120].
^d data from [122].

ISSN: 1743-8977