From: Mechanisms of lung fibrosis induced by carbon nanotubes: towards an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)
Cell | CNT | Concentrations | Effects | Mechanisms | References | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Name | Type | Source | Length (μm) | Diameter (nm) | Other |  |  |  |  |
Fibroblast | CRL1490 | AP MWCNT D |  |  |  | BSA + DPPC |  | P |  |  |
AP MWCNT ND | Â | Â | Â | / | Â | / | Â | Â | ||
PD MWCNT D | CT | 10–30 | 20–30 | BSA + DPPC | 5 μg/ml | P | nd | [30] | ||
PD MWCNT ND | / | / | ||||||||
COOH MWCNT D |  |  |  | BSA + DPPC |  | / |  |  | ||
COOH MWCNT ND | Â | Â | Â | / | Â | / | Â | Â | ||
Fibroblast | MLg, HFL-1, | MWCNT NM400 | N | 0.7–3 | 5–35 |  | 7.5–30 μg/cm2 | P |  |  |
BALB-3 T3, | MWCNT NM402 | A | 0.7–4 | 6–20 |  | (12–48 μg/ml) | P | nd | [23] | |
PMF | MWCNT NM400c | N | 0.1–0.5 | 18–35 |  |  | / |  |  | |
 | MWCNTg 2400 | PIH | 0.7 | 20–50 |  |  | / |  |  | |
Fibroblast | MLg | MWCNT NM400 | N | 0.7–3 | 5–35 |  | 7.5–15 μg/cm2 | P | KR, End, Erk 1/2 |  |
MWCNT long | CT | 10–30 | 11–59 |  | (12–24 μg/ml) | P | Erk 1/2 | [34] | ||
MWCNT short | CT | 0.5–2 | 10–47 |  |  | / |  |  | ||
MWCNT thick | CT | 10–30 | 15–74 |  |  | / |  |  | ||
Fibroblast | NIH-3 T3 | MWCNT | NP | 20–50 | 50 |  | 15–60 μg/ml | P, C, D | Smad | [24] |
Fibroblast | CRL1490 | SWCNT | CNI |  |  |  | 0.02–0.24 μg/cm2 | P, C, MMP-9 | nd | [22] |
(0.03–0.4 μg/ml) | ||||||||||
Fibroblast | CRL1490 | SD SWCNT | CNI | 0.1–1 | 0.8–1.2 | SD | 0.02 μg/cm2 | C | nd | [29] |
AD SWCNT | AD | (0.03 μg/ml) | C | |||||||
Fibroblast | CRL1490 | SWCNT | CNI | 0.1–1 | 0.8–1.2 |  | 5–25 μg/ml | P, C, TGF-β, VEGF | ROS, p38 | [14] |
Fibroblast | NHLF | Short SWCNT | CT | 1 | 11 |  | 0.02–0.2 μg/cm2 | C, TGF-β | ROS | [31] |
Long SWCNT |  | 13 | 11 |  | (0.03–0.4 μg/ml) | C, TGF-β | ||||
Fibroblast | WI38-VA13 | MWCNT | SA | 2.5–20 | 6–13 |  | 1–20 μg/ml | cyt, TGF-β, PDGF | ROS | [13] |
Fibroblast | L929 | MWCNT | SA |  | 5.5 |  | 10–300 μg/ml | cyt | ROS | [32] |
Macrophage | THP-1 | SWCNT | NI | 1–5 | 0.8–1.2 |  | 50 μg/ml | IL-1β | IFM, ROS, End | [54] |
MWCNT | CT | 10–30 | 20–30 | IL-1β | ||||||
Macrophage | THP-1 | SWCNT BSA-AP-Hipco | NI | 1000–5000 | 0.7–1.1 | BSA coated | 50–100 μg/ml | IL-1β | IFM | [47] |
SWCNT BSA-PD-Hipco |  | 500–1500 | 0.7–1.1 | BSA coated |  | IL-1β | IFM | |||
SWCNT PF108-Hipco |  | 500–1500 | 0.7-1.1 | PF108 coated |  | / |  | |||
SWCNT BSA-AP-Arc |  | 100–1000 | 1.2–2 | BSA coated |  | IL-1β | nd | |||
SWCNT BSA-PD-Arc |  | 100–1000 | 1.2–2 | BSA coated |  | IL-1β | nd | |||
SWCNT PF108-Arc |  | 100–1000 | 1.2–2 | PF108 coated |  | / |  | |||
SWCNT BSA-PD-SG65 |  | 450–2000 | 0.7–1 | BSA coated |  | IL-1β | nd | |||
SWCNT PF108-SG65 |  | 450-2000 | 0.7–1 | PF108 coated |  | / |  | |||
Macrophage | THP-1 | MWCNT | BNR |  | 67 |  | 2–10 μg/ml | IL-1β | IFM, ROCK, End | [46] |
Macrophage | THP-1 | AP MWCNT D | CT |  |  | BSA + DPPC | 10–100 μg/ml | IL-1β | nd |  |
AP MWCNT ND | CT | Â | Â | / | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
PD MWCNT D | From AP | 10–30 | 20–30 | BSA + DPPC |  |  |  | [36] | ||
PD MWCNT ND | From AP | / | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
COOH MWCNT D | From AP |  |  | BSA + DPPC |  |  |  |  | ||
COOH MWCNT ND | From AP | Â | Â | / | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Macrophage | PM, PBMC | short MWCNT | BMS | 1–10 | 5–20 |  |  | / |  |  |
long tangled MWCNT | CT | 10–50 | 8–15 |  | 10–100 μg/ml | / |  | [43] | ||
long needle-like MWCNT | MC | 13 | >50 |  | IL-1β, IL-α | IFM, ROS, Src, Syc, |  | |||
(Mitsui MWCNT-7) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | P2X7 R | Â | ||
Macrophage | PAM | raw MWCNT |  |  |  | / |  | IL-1β, IL-18 | IFM |  |
THP-1 | pure MWCNT |  |  |  | PD |  | IL-1β, IL-18 | IFM |  | |
 | raw MWCNT COOH | NAM |  |  | COOH F | 25–100 μg/ml | / |  | [42] | |
pure MWCNT COOH | Â | Â | Â | COOH F - PD | Â | / | Â | Â | ||
Macrophage | PHM | DWCNT | PIH | 0.1–100 | 1.2–3.2 |  | 25 μg/ml | IL-1β, IL-18 | IFM, End, K efflux | [44] |
Macrophage | RAW 264.7 | MWCNT | SA | 2.5–20 | 6–13 |  | 2–20 μg/ml | IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1 | NF-kB | [13] |
Macrophage | THP-1, PBMC | MWCNT | HMS | 0.5–40 | 10–30 | Uncoated | 10–100 μg/ml | IL-1β, TNF-α, | nd | [50] |
ALD-coated | IL-6, OPN | |||||||||
IL-1β | ||||||||||
Macrophage | PAM | Short MWCNT | Nth | 1.1 | 30 |  | 10 μg/ml | / |  | [58] |
Long MWCNT | Â | 20 | 28 | Â | Â | IL-6, IL-8 | ROS | |||
Macrophage | THP-1 | MWCNT AP | CT | 0.57 |  | F |  | IL-1β, TGF-β, PDGF |  |  |
MWCNT NH2 | From AP | 0.45 |  | F |  | IL-1β, TGF-β, PDGF |  |  | ||
MWCNT sw-NH2 | From AP | 0.58 |  | F |  | IL-1β, TGF-β, PDGF |  |  | ||
MWCNT PEI | From AP | 0.33 |  | F | 60 μg/ml | IL-1β, TGF-β, PDGF | for IL-1β: IFM, End | [45] | ||
MWCNT PEG | From AP | 0.27 |  | F |  | IL-1β, TGF-β |  |  | ||
MWCNT cc-PEI | From AP | 0.38 | Â | F | Â | / | Â | Â | ||
MWCNT COOH | From AP | Â | Â | Â | Â | / | Â | Â | ||
Macrophage | RAW 264.7 | SWCNT | CNI |  | 1–4 |  | 100 μg/ml | TGF-β | nd | [38] |
Macrophage | RAW 264.7 | Short MWCNT | NP | 0.5–2 | 50 |  | 15 μg/ml | / |  | [15] |
Long MWCNT |  | 20–50 | 50 |  |  | TGF-β, TNF-α | nd |  | ||
Macrophage | NR8383 | MWCNT | HMS | 0.3–50 | 10–30 |  | 10 μg/cm2 | PDGF | nd | [51] |
(16 μg/ml) | ||||||||||
Epithelial cell | A549 | Short MWCNT | SN | 0.35–0.7 | 10–20 |  | 1–16 μg/cm2 | / |  | [65] |
Long MWCNT |  | 5–15 | 10–20 |  | (1.6–25.6 μg/ml) | EMT | TGF-β/Smad | |||
Epithelial cell | RLE-6TN | MWCNT | NP | 20–50 | 50 |  | 30 μg/ml | EMT | TGF-β/Smad | [24] |
Epithelial cell | HBE | MWCNT | HMS | 0.5–40 | 10–30 |  | 1.5–24 μg/ml | IL-1β, IL-18 | IFM, ROS | [16] |
IL-8 | ||||||||||
Epithelial cell | BEAS-2B | MWCNT | BNR |  | 67 |  | 1–10 μg/ml | IL-6, IL-8, MIF | NF-kB, p38, | [71] |
ERK 1/2, HSP27 | ||||||||||
Epithelial cell | TT1, ATII | MWCNT 0.6 μm | Nth | 1.1 | 30 |  |  | IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 |  |  |
MWCNT 3 μm |  | 4.3 | 33 |  | 1–50 μg/ml | IL-8, MCP-1 | JNK, p38, ERK 1/2 | [67] | ||
MWCNT 20 μm |  | 20 | 28 |  |  | MCP-1 |  |  | ||
Epithelial cell | BEAS-2B | SWCNT BSA-AP-Hipco | NI | 1000–5000 | 0.7–1.1 | BSA coated |  | TGF-β |  |  |
SWCNT BSA-PD-Hipco |  | 500–1500 | 0.7–1.1 | BSA coated |  | TGF-β |  |  | ||
SWCNT PF108-Hipco |  | 500–1500 | 0.7–1.1 | PF108 coated |  | / |  |  | ||
SWCNT BSA-AP-Arc |  | 100–1000 | 1.2–2 | BSA coated | 100 μg/ml | TGF-β | nd | [47] | ||
SWCNT BSA-PD-Arc |  | 100–1000 | 1.2–2 | BSA coated | TGF-β | |||||
SWCNT PF108-Arc |  | 100–1000 | 1.2–2 | PF108 coated |  | TGF-β |  |  | ||
SWCNT BSA-PD-SG65 |  | 450–2000 | 0.7–1 | BSA coated |  | TGF-β |  |  | ||
SWCNT PF108-SG65 |  | 450–2000 | 0.7–1 | PF108 coated |  | / |  |  | ||
Epithelial cell | BEAS-2B | AP MWCNT D | CT | 10–30 | 20–30 | BSA + DPPC | 10–100 μg/ml | TGF-β |  | [36] |
AP MWCNT ND | CT | Â | Â | / | Â | / | Â | Â | ||
PD MWCNT D | From AP |  |  | BSA + DPPC |  | TGF-β |  |  | ||
PD MWCNT ND | From AP | Â | Â | / | Â | / | nd | Â | ||
COOH MWCNT D | From AP |  |  | BSA + DPPC |  | Few TGF-β |  | |||
COOH MWCNT ND | From AP |  |  | / |  | Few TGF-β |  |  | ||
Epithelial cell | BEAS-2B | MWCNT | SA | 2.5–20 | 6–13 |  | 2–200 μg/ml | TGF-β, PDGF | ROS | [13] |