Fig. 15
Probiotic treatment alters cardiovascular biomarkers in mice exposed to inhaled DEP on a high-fat diet. Mean normalized cardiovascular disease biomarkers: A sICAM, B PAI-1, C sP-Selectin, D thrombomodulin, and E PeCAM measured in cardiac tissue C57Bl/6 male mice on high-fat (HF) diet exposed to diesel exhaust particles (DEP- 35 μg PM) or saline control (CON) twice a week for four weeks with a subset of mice given 0.3 g/day (~ 7.5 × 107 cfu/day) of Ecologic® Barrier probiotics (PRO) in the drinking water throughout the DEP exposures. Data are depicted as ± SEM normalized to total protein concentration with fold change with *p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON, †p < 0.05 compared to HF + DEP, and ‡p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON + PRO by two-way ANOVA