Publicationa | Study type | Exposure armsb | Length of exposure session (minutes) | Activity during exposure | Period between exposure sessions | Concurrent or additional exposures | Research group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Koch et al. [24] | Crossover | FA + placebo DE 300 + placebo FA + salbutamol DE 300 + salbutamol | 90 | 60 min rest, followed by 30 min cycling at 50% peak power | 1–3 weeks | Inhaled salbutamol | Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Vancouver, Canada |
Li et al. [25]c | Crossover | DE 300 + allergen FA + saline FA + allergen | 120 | n/a | At least 4 weeks | Allergen |  |
Ryu et al. [15] Wooding et al. [26] | DE 300 + allergen PDDE + allergen FA + allergen FA + saline | 4 weeks |  | ||||
Rabinovitch et al. [27] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 120 | n/a | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Wooding et al. [28] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 120 | Cycling on stationary bike twice for 15Â min each at 30% VO2 | 4Â weeks | None | Â |
Giles et al. [29] Giles et al. [30] Giles et al. [31] Giles et al. [32] | Crossover | DE 300 three times FA three times | 30 | 30Â min of either high intensity cycling (60% VO2 peak), low intensity cycling (30% VO2 peak), or rest | 1Â week | None | Â |
Curran et al. [33] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 120 | Alternating 20Â min of cycling on stationary bike (ventilation 15 L/min/m2 BSA) and 40Â min of rest | 4Â weeks | None | Â |
Mookherjee et al. [34] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 120 | n/a | 4Â weeks | Allergen | Â |
Clifford et al. [35] | Crossover | DE 300 + allergen FA + allergen | 120 | Resting | 4 weeks | Allergen |  |
Kramer et al. [36] Biagioni et al. [37] Carlsten et al. [13] Hosseini et al. [38] | Crossover | DE 300 + allergen FA + allergen | 120 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 15 L/min/m2 BSA) and 45 min rest | 4 weeks | Allergen |  |
Cliff et al. [39] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 120 | 2 bouts of 15Â min light cycling (ventilation 15 L/min/m2) | 4Â weeks | None | Â |
Rider et al. [40] | Crossover | DE 300 + allergen FA + allergen | 120 | n/a | 4 weeks | Allergen |  |
Zhang et al. [41] | Crossover | DE 300 + allergen FA + allergen | 120 | n/a | 4 weeks | Allergen |  |
Carlsten et al. [42] | Crossover | DE 300 + antioxidant DE 300 + placebo FA + placebo | 120 | Cycling for 15 min every hour at 15 L/min/m2 BSA ventilation, otherwise at rest | At least 2 weeks | N-acetylcysteine pre-treatment |  |
Jiang et al. [43] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 120 | Alternating light exercise (15Â min) and rest (45Â min) on bike (ventilation 15Â L/min/m2 BSA) | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Yamamoto et al. [44] | Crossover | DE 300 + antioxidant DE 300 + placebo FA + placebo | 120 | 15 min cycling per hour (ventilation 15 L/min/m2 BSA), otherwise rest | At least 2 weeks | N-acetylcysteine pre-treatment |  |
Giles et al. [45] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Resting | At least 1Â week | None | Â |
Mills et al. [46] | Crossover | DE 300 PDDE Carbon nanoparticles FA | 120 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 25 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 2Â weeks | Carbon nanoparticles | Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK |
Langrish et al. [47]d | Crossover | Mills et al. [46]: DE 300 PDDE Carbon nanoparticles FA Barath et al. [86]: DE 250 FA Cruts et al. [91], Mills et al. [93, 96],: DE 300 FA | Mills et al. [46]: 120 Barath et al. [86], Cruts et al. [91], Mills et al. [93, 96]: 60 | Mills et al. [46, 96]: alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 25 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest Barath et al. [86]: alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest Cruts et al. [91]: resting Mills et al. [93]: alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 15 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | Mills et al. [46, 93]: at least 2 weeks Barath et al. [86]: 22–62 days Cruts et al. [91]: 2–4 days Mills et al. [96]: 2 weeks | Mills et al. [46]: carbon nanoparticles Barath et al. [86], Cruts et al. [91], Mills et al. [93, 96]: none | Mills et al. [46]: Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK Barath et al. [86], Cruts et al. [91], Mills et al. [93, 96]: Umea University, Umea, Sweden |
Hussain et al. [48] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | 1–3 weeks | None | Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, New Jersey, USA |
Pettit et al. [49] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Resting | At least 1Â week | None | Â |
Kipen et al. [50] | Crossover | n = 26: DE 200 Secondary organic aerosol FA n = 12: DE 200 FA | 120 | Resting | At least 1 week | Secondary organic aerosol |  |
Laumbach et al. [51] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | n/a | At least 1Â week | Half of the participants had a stressor task (4Â min public speaking or 4Â min arthimetic problems) | Â |
Huyck et al. [52] Laumbach et al. [53] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Resting | At least 1Â week | None | Â |
Pawlak et al. [54] | Parallel | n = 11: DE 100 n = 11: FA | 120 | n/a | n/a | Live attenuated influenza virus | Environmental Protection Agency Human Studies Facility, Chapel Hill, USA |
Stiegel et al. [55] Madden et al. [56] | Crossover | DE 300 DE 300 + O3 FA O3 For each arm, participants underwent a session with the listed condition followed by a session of O3 next day | 120 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 25 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | At least 13 days | O3 |  |
Tong et al. [57] | Single sequence | DE 100 DE 200 DE 300 | 120 | Resting | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Channell et al. [58] Lund et al. [59] Lund et al. [60] | Crossover | DE 100 FA | 120 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 25Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 4Â weeks | None | Â |
Noah et al. [61] | Parallel | n = 9: allergic rhinitics exposed to DE 100 n = 7: allergic rhinitics exposed to FA n = 8: healthy subjects exposed to DE 100 n = 8: healthy subjects exposed to FA | 120 | Resting | n/a | Live attenuated influenza virus |  |
Pleil et al. [62] Hubbard et al. [63] Sawyer et al. [64] Sobus et al. [65] | Crossover | DE 100 FA | 120 | Intermittent cycling at 20 L/min/m2 | 3 weeks–6 months | None |  |
Wauters et al. [66] | Crossover | n = 14: DE 300 + resting AA + resting n = 11: DE 300 + resting AA + resting DE 300 + exercise AA + exercise | DE + resting and AA + resting: 120 DE + exercise and AA + exercise: 60 | n = 14: resting n = 11: resting or exercise (alternating 20 min exercise, 20 min rest, 20 min exercise) | At least 1 week | None | Erasme hospital, Bruxelles, Belgium |
Wauters et al. [67] | Crossover | n = 10: DE 300 AA n = 8: DE 300 + exercise in hypoxia AA + exercise in normoxia AA + exercise in hypoxia | 120 | n = 8: exercise in normoxia exercise in hypoxia | At least 1 week | n = 10: dobutamine stress n = 8: exercise in hypoxia |  |
Wauters et al. [68] | Crossover | n = 7: DE 300 + resting AA + resting n = 5: DE 300 + resting AA + resting DE 300 + exercise | DE + resting and AA + resting: 120 DE + exercise: 60 | n = 7: resting n = 5: resting or exercise (two 20 min bouts of exercise at ventilation 20 L/min/m2) | At least 1 week | None |  |
Nightingale et al. [69] | Crossover | DEP 200 FA | 120 | Resting | 4Â weeks | None | Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK |
Sawant et al. [70] | Crossover | DE 100 FA FA + NO2 | 120 | Four 15 min bouts of moderate cycling on a stationary bicycle | At least 4 weeks | NO2 | Los Amigos Research and Education Institute (LAREI), Downey, USA |
Lu et al. [71]e | Crossover | Lund study (Wierzbicka et al. [73]): DE 300 + 46 dB noise DE 300 + 75 dB noise FA + 46 dB noise FA + 75 dB noise EPA study (Pleil et al.  [62], Hubbard et al. [63], Sawyer et al. [64], Sobus et al. [65]): DE 100 FA | Lund study: 180 EPA study: 120 | Lund study: resting EPA study: intermittent cycling at 20 L/min/m2 | Lund study: at least 1 week EPA study: at least 3 weeks | Lund study: 46 dB or 75 dB traffic noise EPA study: none | Lund University (Lund, Sweden) and Environmental Protection Agency Human Studies Facility (Chapel Hill, USA) |
Hemmingsen et al. [72] Wierzbicka et al. [73] Xu et al. [74] | Crossover | DE 300 + 46 dB noise DE 300 + 75 dB noise FA + 46 dB noise FA + 75 dB noise | 180 | Resting | At least 1 week | 46 dB or 75 dB traffic noise | Lund University, Lund, Sweden |
Lucking et al. [75] | Crossover | Protocol 1: DE 350 FA Protocol 2: DE 350 FA | protocol 1: 120 protocol 2: 60 | Both protocol 1 and 2: alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 25Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 1Â week | None | Protocol 1: Edinburgh, UK, protocol 2: Umea University (Umea, Sweden) |
Gouveia-Figueira et al. [76] Gouveia-Figueira et al. [77] | Crossover | DE 150 FA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 20Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 3Â weeks | None | Umea University, Umea, Sweden |
Behndig et al. [78]f | Crossover | Behndig et al. [83] and Larsson et al. [82]: DE 100 FA | 120 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 20Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 3Â weeks | None | Â |
Muala et al. [79] | Crossover | DE 350 PDDE (filter A) PDDE (filter B) FA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 1Â week | None | Â |
Barath et al. [80] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Langrish et al. [81] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | n/a | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | At least 1 week | Study 1 (n = 16): NO synthase inhibitor + sodium nitroprusside + acetylcholine Study 2 (n = 14): NO synthase inhibitor |  |
Larsson et al. [82] | Crossover | DE 100 FA | 120 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 3Â weeks | None | Â |
Löndahl et al. [22] | Crossover | DE 50 (idling) DE 300 (transient driving) | 33 | Resting | Different days | None |  |
Rissler et al. [23] | Crossover | DE 50 (idling) DE 300 (transient driving) | 33 | Resting | Different days | None | Â |
Behndig et al. [83] | Crossover | DE 100 FA | 120 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 20Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 3Â weeks | None | Â |
Lucking et al. [84] | Crossover | DE 300 PDDE FA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 25Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 1Â week | None | Â |
Mills et al. [85] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 25Â L/min/m2 BSA for healthy, 15Â L/min/m2 for CAD subjects) and 15Â min rest | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Barath et al. [86] | Crossover | DE 250 FA | 60 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | 22–62 days | None |  |
Sehlstedt et al. [87] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 3Â weeks | None | Â |
Langrish et al. [88] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 25Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 1Â week | None | Â |
Lundbäck et al. [89] | Crossover | DE 350 FA | 60 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 25 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | At least 1 week | None |  |
Bosson et al. [90] | Crossover | DE 300 + O3 FA + O3 | DE and FA: 60 O3: 120 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | 3–5 weeks | O3 |  |
Cruts et al. [91] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Resting | 2–4 days | None |  |
Bosson et al. [92] | Crossover | DE 300 + O3 DE 300 + FA | DE and FA: 60 O3: 120 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | 3–6 weeks | O3 |  |
Mills et al. [93] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 15Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Törnqvist et al. [94] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15 min cycling and 15 min rest | At least 2 weeks | None |  |
Behndig et al. [95] | Crossover | DE 100 FA | 120 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 20Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 3Â weeks | None | Â |
Mills et al. [96] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 25Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Pourazar et al. [97] Pourazar et al. [98] Salvi et al. [99] Salvi et al. [100] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 20Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 3Â weeks | None | Â |
Mudway et al. [101] | Crossover | DE 100 FA | 120 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 15–20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | At least 3 weeks | None |  |
Stenfors et al. [102] | Crossover | DE 100 FA | 120 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 15–20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | At least 3 weeks | None |  |
Nordenhäll et al. [14] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | At least 3 weeks | None |  |
Nordenhäll et al. [103] | Crossover | DE 300 FA | 60 | Alternating 15 min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15 min rest | At least 2 weeks | None |  |
Rudell et al. [104] | Crossover | DE 300 PDDE (filter A) PDDE (filter B) PDDE (filter C) PDDE (filter D) FA | 60 | Resting | 6Â days | None | Â |
Rudell et al. [105] | Crossover | DE ? PDDE AA | 60 | Alternating 10Â min cycling on bike at 75Â W (15Â L/min/m2 BSA) and 10Â min rest | 3Â weeks | None | Â |
Blomberg et al. [106] | Crossover | DE 300 AA | 60 | Alternating 15Â min cycling (ventilation 20 L/min/m2 BSA) and 15Â min rest | At least 3Â weeks | None | Â |
Rudell et al. [107] | Crossover | DE ? PDDE AA | 60 | Alternating 10Â min cycling on bike at 75Â W and 10Â min rest | n/a | None | Â |
Rudell et al. [108] | Single arm | DE? | 60 | Alternating 10Â min cycling on bike at 75Â W and 10Â min rest | n/a | None | Â |
Tousoulis et al. [109] | Crossover | DE 25 FA | 120 | n/a | 4Â weeks | None | University of Athens, Athens, Greece |
Vieira et al. [110] Vieira et al. [111] | Crossover | DE 300 PDDE FA | 21 | 15Â min rest then 6Â min walking without inclination, self-paced | At least 48Â h | None | University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil |
Cosselman et al. [112] | Crossover | DE 200 + placebo FA + placebo DE 200 + antioxidant FA + antioxidant | 120 | n/a | At least 2 weeks | Ascorbate and N-acetylcysteine pre-treatment | University of Washington, Seattle, USA |
Sack et al. [16] | Crossover | DE 200 + antioxidant DE 200 + placebo FA + antioxidant FA + placebo | 120 | n/a | At least 3 weeks | Ascorbate and N-acetylcysteine pre-treatment |  |
Carlsten et al. [113] | Crossover | Experiments 1 and 2: DE 100 DE 200 FA Experiment 3: DE 200 + antioxidant DE 200 + placebo FA + antioxidant FA + placebo | 120 | Resting | 2–4 weeks | Experiments 1 and 2: none Experiment 3: antioxidant |  |
Krishnan et al. [114] | Crossover | DE 200 FA | 120 | Resting | 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Cosselman et al. [115] | Crossover | DE 200 FA | 120 | Resting | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Allen et al. [116] | Crossover | DE 200 FA | 120 | n/a | n/a | None | Â |
Carlsten et al. [117] | Crossover | DE 100 DE 200 FA | 120 | Resting | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Peretz et al. [118] | Crossover | DE 100 DE 200 FA | 120 | Resting | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Peretz et al. [119] | Crossover | DE 100 DE 200 FA | 120 | Resting | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |
Carlsten et al. [120] | Crossover | DE 100 DE 200 FA | 120 | Resting | Exposures on 3 different days | None | Â |
Peretz et al. [121] | Crossover | DE 50 DE 100 DE 200 FA | 120 | Resting | At least 2Â weeks | None | Â |