Fig. 3
Effect of PM2.5, the DRP-1 inhibitor Mdivi-1, the OPA1 activator BGP-15 and of DRP1 knockdown (KD) and OPA1 overexpression (OE) on mitochondrial morphology in A549 cells. Representative microscopy images of the mitochondrial morphology as measured by Mito-Tracker Green FM in PM2.5-exposed A549 cells in the presence or absence of the DRP-1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 or the OPA-1 activator BGP-15 in A549 cells are shown (A, original magnification, x63). Statistical analysis of the effect of PM2.5 exposure in the presence or absence of Mdivi-1 and BGP-15 on mitochondrial area (B), the proportion of cells showing mitochondrial fragmentation (C) and mitochondrial perinuclear compaction (D). Representative microscopy images of the mitochondrial morphology in PM2.5-exposed cells in the presence or absence of DRP1 knockdown (KD) or OPA1 overexpression (OE) (E). Statistical analysis of the effect of PM2.5 exposure in the presence or absence of Mdivi-1 and BGP-15 on mitochondrial area (F), the proportion of cells showing mitochondrial fragmentation (G) and mitochondrial perinuclear compaction (H). Representative microscopy images of the ΔΨm as measured by JC-1 in PM2.5-exposed cells pretreated with the Mdivi-1 or BGP-15 (I, original magnification, x20) in A549 cells are shown. The graphical results of the mean values from individual experiments plotted as the red/green fluorescence values representing the ΔΨm changes are shown in (J). Representative images (K) and graphical analysis (L) showing the effect of PM2.5, DRP1-KD and OPA1-OE on ΔΨm are also shown. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test (for equal variance) or Dunnett’s T3 post hoc test (for unequal variance) was performed for comparisons among multiple groups. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001