Fig. 5
Continuous PM2.5 exposure causes AMD-related retinal pathological changes in mice. A OCTA images of the retinal blood vessels in mice before and after exposure of PBS or PM2.5 for 3 weeks. OCTA, optical coherence tomography angiography; AMD, age-related macular degeneration; PBS, phosphate buffer saline; SVP, superficial vascular plexus; ICP, intermediary capillary plexus; DCP, deep capillary plexus; B Changes in retinal vessel density compared to its baseline in mice exposed to PBS or PM2.5 (n = 4). C Changes in retinal vessel diameter compared to its baseline in mice exposed to PBS (n = 4) or PM2.5 (n = 5). D TEM images of the BM in mice after exposure of PBS or PM2.5 for 3 weeks. TEM, transmission electron microscope; BM, Bruch’s membrane; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium. E Measurements of mice BM thickness (n = 6) in TEM images. F Schematic diagram of fundus pathological changes in mice under acute and continuous PM2.5 exposure. Data in (B, C, E) are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, and **p < 0.01