Figure 1

Experimental overview. Nanoparticles were characterised as powders or dispersions in aqueous media (top left), and also as dispersions in DMEM cell-culture medium (top right). An initial concentration response curve was generated to select an appropriate treatment concentration that elicited a mechanistic response in hONS cells for at least one of the ZnO products. hONS cells were exposed to ZnO products at the selected concentration (25 μg/mL) for up to 24 h, after which the cellular responses to treatment were measured by a variety of assays. ^‡ Cells from four human donors, A, B, C and D, each in three replicate wells for each treatment time-point (2 h, 6 h and 24 h); ^* Donor A cells, in three replicate wells for each treatment time-point (2 h and 6 h); ^† Donor A cells, in four replicate wells for each treatment time-point (2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 10 h); ^** Donor A cells, in four replicate wells for each treatment time-point (2 h and 6 h).