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  1. Content type: Commentary

    Silica continues to represent an intriguing topic of fundamental and applied research across various scientific fields, from geology to physics, chemistry, cell biology, and particle toxicology. The pathogenic...

    Authors: Cristina Pavan, Massimo Delle Piane, Maria Gullo, Francesca Filippi, Bice Fubini, Peter Hoet, Claire J. Horwell, François Huaux, Dominique Lison, Cristina Lo Giudice, Gianmario Martra, Eliseo Montfort, Roel Schins, Marialore Sulpizi, Karsten Wegner, Michelle Wyart-Remy…

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:32

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  2. Content type: Research

    Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are among the most manufactured nanomaterials in the industry, and are used in food products, toothpastes, cosmetics and paints. Pregnant women as well as their conceptuses m...

    Authors: Jinsoo Lee, Ji-Seong Jeong, Sang Yun Kim, Min-Kyu Park, Sung-Deuk Choi, Un-Jung Kim, Kwangsik Park, Eun Ju Jeong, Sang-Yoon Nam and Wook-Joon Yu

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:31

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  3. Content type: Research

    Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been extensively studied in different biomedical fields. Recently, the non-cytotoxic concentration of IONPs induced cell-specific response raised concern of their safety. ...

    Authors: Tao Wen, Lifan Du, Bo Chen, Doudou Yan, Aiyun Yang, Jian Liu, Ning Gu, Jie Meng and Haiyan Xu

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:30

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  4. Content type: Research

    Industrially produced quantities of TiO2 nanoparticles are steadily rising, leading to an increasing risk of inhalation exposure for both professionals and consumers. Particle inhalation can result in inflammator...

    Authors: Wolfgang G. Kreyling, Uwe Holzwarth, Carsten Schleh, Stephanie Hirn, Alexander Wenk, Martin Schäffler, Nadine Haberl, Manuela Semmler-Behnke and Neil Gibson

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:29

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  5. Content type: Research

    Copper oxide (CuO) nanomaterials are used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. These materials can be hazardous, especially if they are inhaled. As a result, the pulmonary effects of CuO ...

    Authors: Marit Ilves, Pia Anneli Sofia Kinaret, Joseph Ndika, Piia Karisola, Veer Marwah, Vittorio Fortino, Yuri Fedutik, Manuel Correia, Nicky Ehrlich, Katrin Loeschner, Alexandros Besinis, Joanne Vassallo, Richard D. Handy, Henrik Wolff, Kai Savolainen, Dario Greco…

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:28

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  6. Content type: Research

    Obesity is an uncontrolled global epidemic and one of the leading global public health challenges. Maternal exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may adversely program offspring’s adiposity, suggest...

    Authors: Yanyi Xu, Wanjun Wang, Minjie Chen, Ji Zhou, Xingke Huang, Shimin Tao, Bin Pan, Zhouzhou Li, Xiaoyun Xie, Weihua Li, Haidong Kan and Zhekang Ying

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:27

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  7. Content type: Correction

    After the publication of this article [1] it was hihglighted that the number of deaths related to natural disasters was incorrectly reported in the second paragraph of the Hazards from Natural particulates and...

    Authors: Michael Riediker, Daniele Zink, Wolfgang Kreyling, Günter Oberdörster, Alison Elder, Uschi Graham, Iseult Lynch, Albert Duschl, Gaku Ichihara, Sahoko Ichihara, Takahiro Kobayashi, Naomi Hisanaga, Masakazu Umezawa, Tsun-Jen Cheng, Richard Handy, Mary Gulumian…

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:26

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    The original article was published in Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:19

  8. Content type: Research

    Non-communicable diseases, intended as the results of a combination of inherited, environmental and biological factors, kill 40 million people each year, equivalent to roughly 70% of all premature deaths globa...

    Authors: Stefano Rossi, Monia Savi, Marta Mazzola, Silvana Pinelli, Rossella Alinovi, Laura Gennaccaro, Alessandra Pagliaro, Viviana Meraviglia, Maricla Galetti, Omar Lozano-Garcia, Alessandra Rossini, Caterina Frati, Angela Falco, Federico Quaini, Leonardo Bocchi, Donatella Stilli…

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:25

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  9. Content type: Research

    Nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is amongst the most widely utilized engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). However, little is known regarding the consequences maternal ENM inhalation exposure has on growing progeny d...

    Authors: Amina Kunovac, Quincy A. Hathaway, Mark V. Pinti, William T. Goldsmith, Andrya J. Durr, Garrett K. Fink, Timothy R. Nurkiewicz and John M. Hollander

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:24

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  10. Content type: Research

    Little is known about the exposure levels and adverse health effects of occupational exposure to airplane emissions. Diesel exhaust particles are classified as carcinogenic to humans and jet engines produce po...

    Authors: Katja Maria Bendtsen, Anders Brostrøm, Antti Joonas Koivisto, Ismo Koponen, Trine Berthing, Nicolas Bertram, Kirsten Inga Kling, Miikka Dal Maso, Oskari Kangasniemi, Mikko Poikkimäki, Katrin Loeschner, Per Axel Clausen, Henrik Wolff, Keld Alstrup Jensen, Anne Thoustrup Saber and Ulla Vogel

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:23

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  11. Content type: Research

    Short-term controlled exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) in chamber studies have shown mixed results on lung and systemic effects. There is a paucity of studies on well-characterized real-life DE exposure in huma...

    Authors: Maria Helena Guerra Andersen, Marie Frederiksen, Anne Thoustrup Saber, Regitze Sølling Wils, Ana Sofia Fonseca, Ismo K. Koponen, Sandra Johannesson, Martin Roursgaard, Steffen Loft, Peter Møller and Ulla Vogel

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:21

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  12. Content type: Research

    The blood brain barrier (BBB) is the bottleneck of brain-targeted drug development. Due to their physico-chemical properties, nanoparticles (NP) can cross the BBB and accumulate in different areas of the centr...

    Authors: Paulo Emílio Corrêa Leite, Mariana Rodrigues Pereira, Georgina Harris, David Pamies, Lisia Maria Gobbo dos Santos, José Mauro Granjeiro, Helena T. Hogberg, Thomas Hartung and Lena Smirnova

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:22

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  13. Content type: Research

    The mechanisms driving systemic effects consequent pulmonary nanoparticle exposure remain unclear. Recent work has established the existence of an indirect process by which factors released from the lung into ...

    Authors: Ekaterina Mostovenko, Tamara Young, Pretal P. Muldoon, Lindsey Bishop, Christopher G. Canal, Aleksandar Vucetic, Patti C. Zeidler-Erdely, Aaron Erdely, Matthew J. Campen and Andrew K. Ottens

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:20

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  14. Content type: Review

    Particles and fibres affect human health as a function of their properties such as chemical composition, size and shape but also depending on complex interactions in an organism that occur at various levels be...

    Authors: Michael Riediker, Daniele Zink, Wolfgang Kreyling, Günter Oberdörster, Alison Elder, Uschi Graham, Iseult Lynch, Albert Duschl, Gaku Ichihara, Sahoko Ichihara, Takahiro Kobayashi, Naomi Hisanaga, Masakazu Umezawa, Tsun-Jen Cheng, Richard Handy, Mary Gulumian…

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:19

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    The Correction to this article has been published in Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:26

  16. Content type: Research

    Developmental exposure to particulate matter air pollution is harmful to cardiovascular health, but the mechanisms by which this exposure mediates susceptibility to heart disease is poorly understood. We have ...

    Authors: Jamie M. Goodson, James W. MacDonald, Theo K. Bammler, Wei-Ming Chien and Michael T. Chin

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:17

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  17. Content type: Research

    Safety evaluation is a prerequisite for nanomaterials in a wide range of fields, including chemical industries, medicine or food sciences. Previously, we had demonstrated that SiNPs could trigger the thromboti...

    Authors: Lin Feng, Xiaozhe Yang, Shuang Liang, Qing Xu, Mark R. Miller, Junchao Duan and Zhiwei Sun

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:16

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  18. Content type: Research

    Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been shown to elicit the release of inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators, as well as histopathological changes in lungs of exposed animals. Current standards for t...

    Authors: Pranita K. Kabadi, April L. Rodd, Alysha E. Simmons, Norma J. Messier, Robert H. Hurt and Agnes B. Kane

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:15

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  19. Content type: Research

    The present study aimed to evaluate the potential differences in the biological effects of two types of spherical silver particles of 20 and 200 nm (Ag20 and Ag200), and of PVP-coated silver nanowires (AgNWs) ...

    Authors: Ionel Fizeșan, Sébastien Cambier, Elisa Moschini, Aline Chary, Inge Nelissen, Johanna Ziebel, Jean-Nicolas Audinot, Tom Wirtz, Marcin Kruszewski, Anca Pop, Béla Kiss, Tommaso Serchi, Felicia Loghin and Arno C. Gutleb

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:14

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  20. Content type: Research

    Previous findings indicate that in utero exposure to nanoparticles may affect the reproductive system in male offspring. Effects such as decreased sperm counts and testicular structural changes in F1 males hav...

    Authors: Astrid Skovmand, Alexander C. Ø. Jensen, Clotilde Maurice, Francesco Marchetti, Anna J. Lauvås, Ismo K. Koponen, Keld A. Jensen, Sandra Goericke-Pesch, Ulla Vogel and Karin S. Hougaard

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:13

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  21. Content type: Review

    Exposure to ambient airborne particulate matter is a major risk factor for mortality and morbidity, associated with asthma, lung cancer, heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke, and more recently type...

    Authors: Matthew Loxham and Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:12

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  22. Content type: Commentary

    In 2006, titanium dioxide and carbon black were classified by IARC as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” and in 2017 the European Chemicals Agency’s (ECHA) Committee for Risk Assessment concluded titanium dioxi...

    Authors: Paul J. A. Borm and Kevin E. Driscoll

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:11

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  23. Content type: Research

    Recent epidemiological studies indicate early-life exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Previous studies investigating neonatal exposure to ambient fine and ultrafi...

    Authors: Keith Morris-Schaffer, Alyssa Merrill, Katrina Jew, Candace Wong, Katherine Conrad, Katherine Harvey, Elena Marvin, Marissa Sobolewski, Günter Oberdörster, Alison Elder and Deborah A. Cory-Slechta

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:10

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  24. Content type: Research

    Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are widely used in medical practices owing to their distinct antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer activities. However, with increasing use of AgNP, concerns over its potential to...

    Authors: Yiying Bian, Keunyoung Kim, Thien Ngo, Inho Kim, Ok-Nam Bae, Kyung-Min Lim and Jin-Ho Chung

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:9

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  25. Content type: Research

    It is well established that toxicological evaluation of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) is vital to ensure the health and safety of those exposed to them. Further, there is a distinct need for the development o...

    Authors: Stephen J. Evans, Martin J. D. Clift, Neenu Singh, John W. Wills, Nicole Hondow, Thomas S. Wilkinson, Michael J. Burgum, Andy P. Brown, Gareth J. Jenkins and Shareen H. Doak

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:8

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  26. Content type: Research

    Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with an adverse intrauterine environment, which can promote adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Ultrafine particles (UFP) (small size and large surface ar...

    Authors: Russell A. Morales-Rubio, Isabel Alvarado-Cruz, Natalia Manzano-León, Maria-de-los-Angeles Andrade-Oliva, Marisela Uribe-Ramirez, Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega, Álvaro Osornio-Vargas and Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:7

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  27. Content type: Research

    Nose-to-brain transport of airborne ultrafine particles (UFPs) via the olfactory pathway has been verified as a possible route for particle translocation into the brain. The exact relationship between increase...

    Authors: Lin Tian, Yidan Shang, Rui Chen, Ru Bai, Chunying Chen, Kiao Inthavong and Jiyuan Tu

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:6

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  28. Content type: Research

    Airborne pollution, especially from diesel exhaust (DE), is known to have a negative effect on the central nervous system in exposed human populations. However, the consequences of gestational exposure to DE o...

    Authors: Estefanía Bernal-Meléndez, Marie-Christine Lacroix, Pascaline Bouillaud, Jacques Callebert, Benoit Olivier, Marie-Annick Persuy, Didier Durieux, Delphine Rousseau-Ralliard, Josiane Aioun, Flemming Cassee, Anne Couturier-Tarrade, Sarah Valentino, Pascale Chavatte-Palmer, Henri Schroeder and Christine Baly

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:5

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  30. Content type: Research

    The effects of carbon nanotubes on skin toxicity have not been extensively studied; however, our lab has previously shown that a carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exacerbates the 2, 4-dinitrofl...

    Authors: Brian C. Palmer, Sarah J. Phelan-Dickenson and Lisa A. DeLouise

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:3

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  31. Content type: Research

    Information on particle deposition, retention and clearance are important for the evaluation of the risk of inhaled nanomaterials to human health. Recent revised OECD inhalation toxicity test guidelines requir...

    Authors: Jung Duck Park, Jin Kwon Kim, Mi Seong Jo, Young Hun Kim, Ki Soo Jeon, Ji Hyun Lee, Elaine M. Faustman, Hong Ku Lee, Kangho Ahn, Mary Gulumian, Günter Oberdörster and Il Je Yu

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:2

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  32. Content type: Research

    Recent epidemiological studies indicate early-life exposure to pollution particulate is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The need is arising to evaluate the risks conferred by individual co...

    Authors: Keith Morris-Schaffer, Alyssa K. Merrill, Candace Wong, Katrina Jew, Marissa Sobolewski and Deborah A. Cory-Slechta

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2019 16:1

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  33. Content type: Research

    When suspended in cell culture medium, nano-objects composed of soluble metals such as silver can dissolve resulting in ion formation, altered particle properties (e.g. mass, morphology, etc.), and modulated c...

    Authors: Jordan N. Smith, Dennis G. Thomas, Hadley Jolley, Vamsi K. Kodali, Matthew H. Littke, Prabhakaran Munusamy, Donald R. Baer, Matthew J. Gaffrey, Brian D. Thrall and Justin G. Teeguarden

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:47

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  34. Content type: Review

    Our development and usage of engineered nanomaterials has grown exponentially despite concerns about their unfavourable cardiorespiratory consequence, one that parallels ambient ultrafine particle exposure fro...

    Authors: Tuang Yeow Poh, Nur A’tikah Binte Mohamed Ali, Micheál Mac Aogáin, Mustafa Hussain Kathawala, Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati, Kee Woei Ng and Sanjay Haresh Chotirmall

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:46

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  35. Content type: Research

    Given the tremendous potential for graphene quantum dots (QDs) in biomedical applications, a thorough understanding of the interaction of these materials with macrophages is essential because macrophages are o...

    Authors: Lina Xu, Yanhui Dai, Zhenyu Wang, Jian Zhao, Fei Li, Jason C. White and Baoshan Xing

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:45

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  36. Content type: Research

    Effects of air pollution on neurotoxicity and behavioral alterations have been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathophysiology caused by particulate matter (PM) in the brain. We ex...

    Authors: Chi-Hsiang Shih, Jen-Kun Chen, Li-Wei Kuo, Kuan-Hung Cho, Ta-Chih Hsiao, Zhe-Wei Lin, Yi-Syuan Lin, Jiunn-Horng Kang, Yu-Chun Lo, Kai-Jen Chuang, Tsun-Jen Cheng and Hsiao-Chi Chuang

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:44

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  37. Content type: Research

    The cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are poorly understood, and the reproductive consequences are even less understood. Inflammation remains the most frequently ex...

    Authors: Alaeddin Bashir Abukabda, Carroll Rolland McBride, Thomas Paul Batchelor, William Travis Goldsmith, Elizabeth Compton Bowdridge, Krista Lee Garner, Sherri Friend and Timothy Robert Nurkiewicz

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:43

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  38. Content type: Research

    Even though a continuously high number of in vitro studies on nanoparticles are being published, the issue of correct dose matter is often not sufficiently taken into account. Due to their size, the diffusion ...

    Authors: Linda Böhmert, Laura König, Holger Sieg, Dajana Lichtenstein, Niklas Paul, Albert Braeuning, Andreas Voigt and Alfonso Lampen

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:42

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  39. Content type: Research

    In order to examine whether myeloperoxidase (MPO) can be a useful marker for evaluating the pulmonary toxicity of nanomaterials, we analyzed MPO protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples obtained ...

    Authors: Taisuke Tomonaga, Hiroto Izumi, Yukiko Yoshiura, Toshihiko Myojo, Takako Oyabu, Byeong-Woo Lee, Takami Okada, Takashi Marui, Ke-Yong Wang, Masaru Kubo, Manabu Shimada, Shingo Noguchi, Chinatsu Nishida, Kazuhiro Yatera and Yasuo Morimoto

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:41

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  40. Content type: Research

    The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo has a unique composition of atmospheric pollutants, and positive correlations between exposure and the risk of diseases and mortality have been observed. Here we assessed the...

    Authors: Antonio Anax Falcão de Oliveira, Tiago Franco de Oliveira, Michelle Francini Dias, Marisa Helena Gennari Medeiros, Paolo Di Mascio, Mariana Veras, Miriam Lemos, Tania Marcourakis, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva and Ana Paula Melo Loureiro

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:40

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  41. Content type: Research

    The extensive biological applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in stomatology have created serious concerns about their biotoxicity. In our previous study, ZnO NPs were confirmed to transfer to th...

    Authors: Huimin Liang, Aijie Chen, Xuan Lai, Jia Liu, Junrong Wu, Yiyuan Kang, Xinying Wang and Longquan Shao

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:39

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  42. Content type: Research

    Air pollution-induced changes in cardiac electrophysiological properties could be a pathway linking air pollution and cardiovascular events. The evidence of air pollution effects on the cardiac conduction syst...

    Authors: Siqi Zhang, Susanne Breitner, Wayne E Cascio, Robert B Devlin, Lucas M Neas, David Diaz-Sanchez, William E Kraus, Joel Schwartz, Elizabeth R Hauser, Annette Peters and Alexandra Schneider

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:38

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  43. Content type: Research

    An increasing number of manufactured nanomaterials (NMs) are being used in industrial products and need to be registered under the REACH legislation. The hazard characterisation of all these forms is not only ...

    Authors: L. Lamon, D. Asturiol, A. Richarz, E. Joossens, R. Graepel, K. Aschberger and A. Worth

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:37

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  44. Content type: Research

    Engineered nanoparticles are smaller than 100 nm and designed to improve or creating even new physico-chemical properties. Consequently, toxicological properties of materials may change as size reaches the nm ...

    Authors: Masakazu Umezawa, Atsuto Onoda, Irina Korshunova, Alexander C. Ø. Jensen, Ismo K. Koponen, Keld A. Jensen, Konstantin Khodosevich, Ulla Vogel and Karin S. Hougaard

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:36

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  45. Content type: Research

    Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased incidence and severity of autoimmune disease. Diesel PM is primarily composed of an elemental carbon core and adsorbed organic compounds s...

    Authors: Chelsea A. O’Driscoll, Leah A. Owens, Madeline E. Gallo, Erica J. Hoffmann, Amin Afrazi, Mei Han, John H. Fechner, James J. Schauer, Christopher A. Bradfield and Joshua D. Mezrich

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:35

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  46. Content type: Research

    There is a paucity of mechanistic information that is central to the understanding of the adverse health effects of source emission exposures. To identify source emission-related effects, blood and saliva samp...

    Authors: Premkumari Kumarathasan, Renaud Vincent, Erica Blais, Agnieszka Bielecki, Josée Guénette, Alain Filiatreault, Orly Brion, Sabit Cakmak, Errol M. Thomson, Robin Shutt, Lisa Marie Kauri, Mamun Mahmud, Ling Liu and Robert Dales

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:34

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  47. Content type: Research

    The biological effects of nanoparticles depend on several characteristics such as size and shape that must be taken into account in any type of assessment. The increased use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO

    Authors: Alba García-Rodríguez, Laura Vila, Constanza Cortés, Alba Hernández and Ricard Marcos

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:33

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  48. Content type: Research

    Genotoxicity is an important toxicological endpoint due to the link to diseases such as cancer. Therefore, an increased understanding regarding genotoxicity and underlying mechanisms is needed for assessing th...

    Authors: Sebastiano Di Bucchianico, Anda R. Gliga, Emma Åkerlund, Sara Skoglund, Inger Odnevall Wallinder, Bengt Fadeel and Hanna L. Karlsson

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:32

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  49. Content type: Research

    The well-known inflammatory and fibrogenic changes of the lung upon crystalline silica are accompanied by early changes of the phospholipid composition (PLC) as detected in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF)...

    Authors: Mandy Großgarten, Matthias Holzlechner, Antje Vennemann, Anna Balbekova, Karin Wieland, Michael Sperling, Bernhard Lendl, Martina Marchetti-Deschmann, Uwe Karst and Martin Wiemann

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:31

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  50. Content type: Research

    Facemasks are increasingly worn during air pollution episodes in China, but their protective effects are poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the filtration efficiencies of N95 facemasks and the cardiopulmo...

    Authors: Tianjia Guan, Songhe Hu, Yiqun Han, Ruoyu Wang, Qindan Zhu, Yaoqian Hu, Hanqing Fan and Tong Zhu

    Citation: Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2018 15:30

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Particle and Fibre Toxicology

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