Figure 5

Cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression of differentiated PBMC after exposure to NPs for 24 h. (A) Cytotoxicity was measured by trypan blue exclusion for ZnO and CuO NP whilst others were measured by LDH. (B) Levels of IL-1β; (C) levels of TNF-α. PBMC were differentiated by 5-day incubation. Note that the surface area doses were 30, 100, and 300 cm²/mL except for ZnO and CuO NP which were 3, 10, and 30 cm²/mL. Values are mean ± SD from minimum four independent experiments. Significance versus vehicle control (VEH): ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001.