Table 5 Physicochemical properties of control fibres and CNT samples
From: Durability and inflammogenic impact of carbon nanotubes compared with asbestos fibres
Sample Name | Description | Diameter as supplied by manufacturer (nm, mean(SE) | Length as supplied by manufacturer μ(m) | Endotoxin1 (pg ml-1) | Surface groups (atomic ratio (X/C)) | Soluble metals (μg g-1) | Free radical generation | Morphology (SEM, TEM, Light Microscopy) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X607 | Glass fibres | NA | NA | ND | N/A | Li-0.41; Be-0.02; Al-3502; V-1.07; Cr-4.05; Mn-29.6; Fe-3142; Co-0.08; Ni-2.62; Cu-0.72; Zn-7.09; As-0.12; Sr-48.4; Mo-0.25; Ag- < 0.01; Cd-0.02; Sb-0.01; Pb-0.43; U-0.03 | None | Dispersed rod-like glass fibres. |
LFA | Amosite asbestos | NA | NA | ND | N/A | Li-0.15; Be-0.15; Al-463; V-1.62; Cr-4.45; Mn-622; Fe-~32003; Co-0.45; Ni-2.67; Cu-2.96; Zn-2.9; As-0.07; Sr-29.2; Mo-0.45; Ag- < 0.03; Cd-0.02; Sb- < 0.04; Pb-0.79; U-0.04 | None | Dispersed rod-like amphibole asbestos. |
LFC | Chrysotile asbestos | NA | NA | ND | N/A | Li- < 0.14; Be-0.01; Al-137; V-1.29; Cr-32.3; Mn-83.1; Fe-1220; Co-5.54; Ni-140; Cu-0.77; Zn-10.9; As- < 0.11; Sr-2.26; Mo-0.08; Ag- < 0.08; Cd-0.04; Sb- < 0.09; Pb-0.46; U-0.02 | None | Dispersed fibrous-looking chrysotile asbestos. |
CNT SW | Single-walled | 1-2 | 0.5-2 | ND | C-1.0000; O-0.0105; Si-0.0004; Fe-ND; Cl-0.0005; S-0.0002; Co-0.0007; Ni-0.0004 | Li- < 0.04; Be- < 0.003; Al-6.2; V-0.34; Cr-2.01; Mn-15.7; Fe-185; Co-442; Ni-47.4; Cu-1.13; Zn-2.9; As-0.23; Sr-2.72; Mo-144; Ag-0.03; Cd-0.1; Sb- < 0.03; Pb-0.98; U-0.04 | None | Bundles of tightly agglomerated SWNTs in which individual NTs cannot be seen |
CNT SPIN | Multi-walled | 8-10 | 200-300 | ND | C-1.0000; O-0.0013; Si-0.0007; Fe-0.007; Cl-ND; S-ND; Co-0.0002; Ni-0.0002 | Li- < 0.02; Be- < 0.001; Al-0.3; V-0.01; Cr-0.07; Mn-0.02; Fe-50.1; Co- < 0.003; Ni-0.46; Cu-0.16; Zn-0.95; As-0.12; Sr-48.4; Mo-0.25; Ag- < 0.01; Cd-0.02; Sb-0.01; Pb-0.43; U-0.001 | None | Agglomerated sheets of very long fibres with a hair-like appearance. |
CNT LONG1 | Multi-walled | 40-50 | Mean 13 | ND | C-1.0000; O-0.0046; Si-0.0012; Fe-ND; Cl-0.0001; S-0.0002; Co-0.0001; Ni-0.0002 | Li- < 0.09; Be- < 0.007; Al-0.9; V-0.01; Cr-0.15; Mn-0.09; Fe-15.6; Co- < 0.01; Ni-0.2; Cu-0.06; Zn-2.5; As- < 0.07; Sr-0.84; Mo-0.01; Ag- < 0.05; Cd- < 0.02; Sb- < 0.06; Pb-0.03; U-0.01 | None | Bundled or individual MWNTs of variable length, many in the 10 20(m range or longer. Many very short fibres often decorate the longer fibres. |
CNT TANG2 | Multi-walled | 15 ± 5 | 5-20 | ND | C-1.0000; O-0.0038; Si-0.0009; Fe-ND; Cl-ND; S-0.0005; Co-0.0007; Ni-0.0003 | Li- < 0.08; Be- < 0.006; Al-41.6; V- < 0.01; Cr-0.03; Mn-0.05; Fe-606; Co-0.04; Ni-0.44; Cu-1.07; Zn-9.5; As- < 0.07; Sr-0.3; Mo-655; Ag- < 0.05; Cd-0.04; Sb- < 0.06; Pb-0.26; U- < 0.006 | None | Bundles of intermediate-length MWNTs. Often stellate in form with longer fibres protruding from the central tangled agglomerate, a large proportion of which are in respirable size range < 5 (m. |