Elevated particle number concentrations induce immediate changes in heart rate variability: a panel study in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism or diabetes

Table 3 Associations between personal measurements of 5-minute average particle number concentrations and 5-minute ECG-measures

	concurrent		0 - 4 min		5 - 9 min		10 - 14 min
	%-change	95% CI	%-change	95% CI	%-change	95% CI	%-change	95% CI
HR	−0.06	−0.18; 0.07	0.23^**	0.11; 0.36	0.16^*	0.04; 0.28	−0.01	−0.13; 0.11
SDNN	−0.56^*	−1.02; −0.09	0.36	−0.11; 0.83	0.02	−0.45; 0.48	−0.15	−0.62; 0.32
RMSSD	−0.13	−0.74; 0.48	0.08	−0.54; 0.70	0.14	−0.48; 0.77	−0.16	−0.77; 0.46

Analyses considered concurrent and up to 15-minutes delayed exposures and adjusted for trend, meteorology and time of day. Effect estimates are shown for an increase of 16,000 particles cm⁻³.
*p-value <0.05, **p-value <0.01, CI: confidence interval, HR: heart rate, RMSSD: root mean square of successive differences, SDNN: standard deviation of NN intervals.

ISSN: 1743-8977