Fig. 2

Distorted Grid model cryosection validation. a Concentration profiles and material fraction deposited (present in the bottom 10 μm of the cell) predicted by the DG model are compared with those obtained from CFD for CeO₂ and SiO₂. (C ₀ = 0. 1 mg ml⁻¹ for CeO₂ and 0.001 mg ml⁻¹ for SiO₂, column height = 1 mm, d _H = volume size distribution from DLS, see Additional file 1: Figure S2). b Concentration profiles predicted by the DG model are compared with those obtained from corresponding cryosectioned samples for CeO₂ (24 h), TiO₂ (64 h) and Fe₂O₃ (24 h) nanomaterials (C ₀ = 0.1 mg ml⁻¹, column height = 10 mm, d _H = volume size distribution from DLS (Additional file 1: Figure S2))