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Table 2 Outcome levels for electric and diesel scenarios and percent changes in biomarker levels

From: Health effects of exposure to diesel exhaust in diesel-powered trains

Biomarker

Electric (mean ± SD)

Diesel (mean ± SD)

% Change (95% CI)

p-value

Urinary excretion

1-OHP (μmol/mol creatinine)

0.049 ± 0.083

0.027 ± 0.019

−12.2 (− 32.3; 14.0)

0.331

2-OHF (μmol/mol creatinine)

0.075 ± 0.067

0.070 ± 0.061

0.6 (− 17.3; 22.4)

0.952

1-NAPH (μmol/mol creatinine)

0.851 ± 0.603

0.671 ± 0.560

−20.0 (−44.3; 4.3)

0.107

2-NAPH (μmol/mol creatinine)

2.084 ± 2.272

1.861 ± 1.679

−0.4 (−20.7; 25.2)

0.975

Lung function

FVC (L)

4.20 ± 1.24

4.18 ± 1.16

−2.3 (−4.7; 0.25)

0.077

FEV1 (L)

3.32 ± 0.96

3.24 ± 0.96

−3.6 (−5.5; −1.6)

0.0003***

FEV1/FVC (%)

79.1 ± 6.8

77.2 ± 9.2

−1.8 (− 3.8; 0.2)

0.073

PEF (L/s)

7.26 ± 2.13

7.15 ± 2.42

−5.6 (− 10.7; − 0.5)

0.031*

Cardiovascular function

Ln.RHI

0.57 ± 0.25

0.55 ± 0.28

−1.4 (− 26.5; 23.7)

0.913

NIV

2.26 ± 1.06

2.21 ± 0.71

− 3.7 (− 34.6; 27.3)

0.817

pNN50 (%)

0.06 ± 0.08

6.54 ± 0.07

4.6 (− 13.8; 23.0)

0.626

RMSSD (ms)

41.84 ± 30.93

36.39 ± 19.02

− 3.5 (− 22.1; 19.7)

0.326

SDNN (ms)

48.16 ± 24.29

44.24 ± 16.76

−2.1 (− 14.9; 12.7)

0.773

LF (ms2)

160.2 ± 59.5

195.9 ± 78.8

16.5 (5.9; 27.0)

0.002**

HF (ms2)

153.6 ± 57.6

151.8 ± 67.5

2.0 (− 7.5; 11.5)

0.681

LF/HF

1.27 ± 0.83

1.70 ± 1.37

18.5 (−5.5; 48.6)

0.141

AI normalized to heart rate of 75 bpm (%)

−8.26 ± 11.79

−6.26 ± 14.68

1.6 (−2.2; 5.5)

0.405

DP (mm Hg)

81.2 ± 11.4

82.3 ± 10.8

1.2 (−2.9; 5.2)

0.566

SP (mm Hg)

135.1 ± 16.1

134.4 ± 17.9

−1.0 (−4.9; 2.9)

0.630

DNA damage

SB (lesions/106 bp)

0.12 ± 0.13

0.18 ± 0.13

46.3 (5.0; 100.9)

0.025*

Fpg-sensitive sites (lesions/106 bp)

0.62 ± 0.15

0.58 ± 0.12

−5.0 (−11.1; 1.1)

0.109

Adhesion molecules

ICAM-1 (ng/mL)

35.04 ± 7.28

34.34 ± 6.88

−2.5 (−8.3; 3.7)

0.426

VCAM-1 (ng/mL)

134.2 ± 36.2

129.6 ± 35.8

−3.2 (−10.5; 4.7)

0.416

Acute phase proteins

SAA (mg/L)

32.09 ± 41.51

36.46 ± 47.35

11.1 (−17.8; 50.2)

0.493

CRP (mg/L)

1.83 ± 2.29

1.90 ± 2.48

−12.3 (−47.5; 46.4)

0.615

  1. Percent change was estimated by mixed-effects model adjusted for age and sex, comparing diesel with electric scenarios
  2. CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation, 1-OHP 1-hydroxypyrene, 2-OHF 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-NAPH 1-naphthol, 2-NAPH 2-naphthol, FVC forced vital capacity, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second, PEF peak expiratory flow rate, Ln.RHI reactive hyperemia index with natural logarithmic transformation (the percent change was back transformed), NIV nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation, pNN50 proportion of successive NN intervals differing by more than 50 milliseconds divided by total number of NN intervals, RMSSD square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals, SDNN standard deviation of all NN intervals, LF low frequency component (0.04–0.15 Hz), HF high frequency component (0.15–0.4 Hz), AI augmentation index, DP diastolic blood pressure, SP systolic blood pressure, SB DNA strand breaks, ICAM-1 intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, SAA serum amyloid A, CRP C-reactive protein; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
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Particle and Fibre Toxicology

ISSN: 1743-8977

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