HIF-1α is a key mediator of the lung inflammatory potential of lithium-ion battery particles

Table 1 Particle characterization

	LCO	NCA	NMC 1:1:1^a	NMC 6:2:2	NMC 8:1:1
Density (g/cm³)^b	2.37	2.95	1.93	2.84	1.93
Diameter (μm)^c	6.47	6.13	5.16	11.34	7.53
FPF (% of total weight)^d	7.21	2.01	1.64	1.84	2.15
Li (%)^e	7.1	3.28	7.24	7.16	7.14
Co (%)^e	60.2	27.86	20.22	12.12	6.03
Ni (%)^e	/	27.75	20.22	36.35	48.28
Mn (%)^e	/	/	18.92	11.34	5.65
Al (%)^e	/	25.98	/	/	/
O (%)^e	32.7	15.13	33.40	33.03	32.9

^aThe three digits reflect the Ni:Mn:Co mass ratio in the particles
^bMeasured by powder tap density
^cMedian hydrodynamic diameter determined by centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS) (weight-based distribution)
^dFine particle fraction (FPF, ≤ 5 μm) determined by Andersen cascade impaction
^eas reported by the producers

ISSN: 1743-8977