Table 2 Overall effects of PEPs on LVP, HRV, and ECG morphology before, during, and immediately after inhalation exposures and stress tests

LV P

Δ from BL

ESP (mmHg)^a

9.8 ± 5.1

6.5 ± 2.5*

CtrI (s⁻¹)^a

−3.9 ± 2.2

Ejection Time (ms)^b

−1.1 ± 0.5*

−2.8 ± 1.1*

−3.3 ± 1.7

−5.4 ± 2.1*

−4.6 ± 2.4

tau (ms)^a

−0.31 ± 0.13*

−0.34 ± 0.17

Relaxation Time (ms)^b

−1.0 ± 0.2*

−1.5 ± 0.4*

−2.2 ± 0.7*

dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)^a

692 ± 260*

609 ± 267*

dP/dt_min (mmHg/s)^a

− 628 ± 343

− 613 ± 263*

− 666 ± 224*

devP (mmHg)^a

8.7 ± 3.6*

HRV & BRS

Δ from BL

HR (beats/min)

21 ± 10

BRS (ms/mmHg)

−0.32 ± 0.19

RMSSD (ms)

−1.0 ± 0.5*

−1.2 ± 0.6

LF/HF

0.31 ± 0.15*

ECG Morphology

Δ from BL

Pdur (ms)

−1.7 ± 0.6*

−1.5 ± 0.5*

QT (ms)^c

1.4 ± 0.7

QTc (ms)^c

3.0 ± 1.2*

5.4 ± 2.6

S amplitude (mV)

−0.031 ± 0.014*

Δ from Pre-stress

QT (ms)

8.1 ± 2.9*

QTc (ms)

9.8 ± 2.5*

4.5 ± 1.9*

ST neg area (ms*mv)

0.18 ± 0.8*

T amplitude (mV)

0.052 ± 0.017*

0.037 ± 0.013*

TpTe (ms)

9.1 ± 4.2*

TpTe/QT (%)

8.5 ± 2.2*