Fig. 4

Nano-plastics-induced ROS production and intracellular MDA levels in the HaCaT cells. a–d ROS activity in HaCaT cells exposed to different concentrations of PENPs, PSNPs, NPs-1, and NPs-2 for 24–144 h, respectively. e–h MDA levels in the HaCaT cells exposed to different concentrations of NPs at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. The values are represented as means ± SEM of two independent experiments. *p < 0.05 significantly different in the ROS production by the NPs concentration versus the exposure time. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 significantly different in the MDA levels NPs concentration vs control