Fig. 1
Phenotype of MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated microglial cells. Morphological analysis of a BV2 cells and b primary rat microglia. Scale bar = 50 μm. Red: MNPs@SiO2(RITC). LPS treatment served as a positive control for activation of microglia. c Quantification of swelled and rounded (activated) microglia compared to ramified microglia. d Flow-cytometric analysis of BV2 cells and primary microglia for activation marker, OX-6. e Immunoblotting analysis for microglia activation markers, Iba1 and CD40. β-actin served as an internal control. Visual analysis of glucose uptake efficiency was performed on 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG)-treated BV2 cells f and primary microglia g. Scale bar = 20 µm. Analysis of glucose uptake efficiency with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) h and glucose amounts in MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated cells i and media j were determined from the luminescent images. k Representative images of MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells. Magnified images are in the bottom panels; white arrowheads indicate the location of MNPs@SiO2(RITC). Scale bar = 1 μm. The number of particles l, vesicle diameter m, number of mitochondria n, and mitochondrial size o were determined. Data represent the means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05 versus control, #p < 0.05 versus 0.01 μg/μl MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated cells