Fig. 3

PS perturbation by solubilized BaPs and GFM-BaP complexes. a Distribution of the angle between solubilized BaPs and the PS layer. b Diffusion coefficients of BaPs and different components of PS. c Surface tension of the PS layer as a function of the lipid area as affected by solubilized BaPs. d The calculated order parameters for lipids are used to color the Voronoi lattice, with the local structure from different views illustrating perturbed PS arrangement by graphene-BaP complex. e Orientation of BaPs above and below the graphene surface. f Impact of graphene and graphene-BaP complexes on the diffusion coefficients of PS. g Typical snapshot and local order parameter diagram showing enhanced PS perturbation by graphene oxide with 240 adsorbed BaPs. h, i Time evolutions of the PS area deposited with graphene and graphene oxide adsorbed with BaPs of different numbers