Fig. 3

Cardiac assessment at PND 20 for male (n = 6–7) and female (n = 6–7) pups dosed between PND 2–5 (A–C), PND 7–10 (D–F), and PND 17–20 (G–I). Oral administration of TiO₂ NP between PND 7–10 and PND 17–20 resulted in significantly decreased heart rate for female pups, and significantly increased ST and RR intervals. No significant changes in cardiac performance were found for male pups dosed with TiO₂ NP. Box and whisker plots, where the box extends from the 25th to 75th percentile and shows the median value, while the whiskers show the minimum and maximum value. TiO₂ NP dose groups are shown in black and vehicle control in gray. Statistical analyses were conducted using Mann–Whitney U test: *P-value < 0.05, **P-value < 0.01, ***P-value < 0.005