Pro-thrombotic changes associated with exposure to ambient ultrafine particles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: roles of lipid peroxidation and systemic inflammation

Table 1 Summary of the participant characteristics and biomarkers

	COPD	Non-COPD	P^c
Characteristics
No. of participants	53	82
No. of clinical visits	153	256
Age, mean (SD), y	64.7 (6.6)	58.2 (7.4)	< 0.001
Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m²	24.5 (3.2)	24.8 (3.4)	0.57
Male, No. (%)	30 (56.6%)	26 (31.7%)	0.007
High school or above, No. (%)	31 (58.5%)	47 (57.3%)	0.84
Monthly salary ≥ 5000 CNY, No. (%)	8 (15.1%)	13 (15.9%)	0.32
FEV₁/FVC ratio, mean (SD), %	56.5 (12.8)	76.4 (5.4)	< 0.001
COPD medication use^a, No. (%)	91 (59.5%)	0 (0%)	< 0.001
Aspirin use^a, No. (%)	13 (24.5%)	22 (26.8%)	0.92
Biomarkers^b, geometric mean (IQR)
TxB2, ng/mL	8.5 (4.2, 29.0)	7.1 (5.1, 27.9)	0.59
12-HETE, ng/mL	24.7 (14.7, 50.2)	27.3 (18.4, 51.0)	0.59
15-HETE, ng/mL	0.8 (0.5, 1.4)	0.8 (0.5, 1.3)	0.69
IL-1β, pg/mL	1.1 (0.6, 1.3)	1.0 (0.6, 1.2)	0.46
IL-8, pg/mL	13.6 (8.0, 22.7)	15.3 (8.5, 24.0)	0.45
MCP-1, ng/mL	0.48 (0.41, 0.64)	0.48 (0.41, 0.62)	0.96
MIP-1α, pg/mL	7.3 (1.4, 19.0)	7.1 (1.8, 19.6)	0.86
MIP-1β, pg/mL	36.0 (28.6, 56.4)	38.6 (26.8, 67.1)	0.66
TNF-α, pg/mL	10.5 (7.0, 13.8)	11.4 (7.4, 16.6)	0.43

FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; TxB2, thromboxane B2; HETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; IL-8, interleukin-8; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha; MIP-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha
^aInformation on medication use was recorded on baseline questionnaires and multiple-checked by follow-up questionnaires
^bShown are geometric means (interquartile ranges) of each participant's average level across all repeated measurements
^cP values were calculated using t-test or chi-square test when appropriate

ISSN: 1743-8977