Fig. 4
Ddah1 deficiency exacerbates PM2.5-induced pulmonary oxidative stress and cell death. A–D After exposure to FA or PM2.5 for 6 months, 3′-nitrotyrosine (3′-NT) (A), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) (B), malondialdehyde (MDA) (C) and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) (D) levels in the lung tissue were measured. E Representative lung sections from FA- and PM2.5-exposed mice were stained with dihydroethidium (DHE) and a TUNEL assay kit (red) and DAPI (blue) (Scale bar = 50 μm, white arrows point to TUNEL-positive cells). F, G The relative fluorescence intensity of DHE (F) and the TUNEL-positive cells G were quantified. H Lysates of the lung tissue were examined by Western blots. β-tubulin was used as a loading control. In Figure A–D, N = 5; in Figure F–G, N = 6; in Figure H, N = 3; Data are presented as the mean ± SD; *indicates p < 0.05, **indicates p < 0.01