Fig. 2
Intracellular ROS, thiol content, metabolic activity, and viability in NMP-treated skin cells. a Study scheme. b Representative images of H2-DCF-DA staining in untreated (upper panel) and NMP (2.0)-treated skin cells (lower panel). c Intracellular ROS levels were determined by flow cytometry. d qPCR of glutathione-S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) expression after NMP uptake. e Representative histogram of intracellular thiol content fluorescence intensity of stained and unstained cells using flow cytometry, and quantification of thiol content. f Cellular metabolic activity after acute and chronic NMP exposure. g Representative images of skin cell viability showing nuclear propidium iodide (orange) and cytosolic calcein staining (green). h Quantification of viable cells after acute and chronic NMP exposure. Scale bars are 100 µm (b) and 50 µm (g). All data were normalized to control cells (i.e., 1.0) non-exposed to NMP. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test (n > 3) with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, and ***p ≤ 0.001