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Fig. 3 | Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Fig. 3

From: Short- and long-term polystyrene nano- and microplastic exposure promotes oxidative stress and divergently affects skin cell architecture and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling

Fig. 3

Apoptosis in NMP-treated skin cells. a Study scheme. b Skin cells were grown on glass coverslips, NMP-treated, fixed, and subjected to fluorescent staining to determine the expression and distribution of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. As positive control, skin cells were incubated with DNase (violet). c Quantification of apoptosis-related p53 and BAX mRNA, cell-cycle-related p21, and HIF1A mRNA using qPCR. Data were normalized to GAPDH/RLP13A and untreated controls (ctrl) and presented as mean + SEM. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test (n > 3) with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, and ***p ≤ 0.001. d Distribution and expression of Bcl-2 protein and e H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX) were analyzed using immunofluorescence imaging of NMP-treated skin cells. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars are 50 µm

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Particle and Fibre Toxicology

ISSN: 1743-8977

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