Derivation of first-order dissolution rates to estimate particle clearance and burden in the human respiratory tract

Table 1 Respiratory parameters for male and female adults

Sex	Respiratory parameter	Sitting	Light exercise	Heavy exercise
Male	V_T (L)^a	0.750	1.250	1.923
	f (min⁻¹)^a	12	20	26
	Breathing route^b	0.3, 0.7	0.6, 0.4	0.7, 0.3
	FRC (L)^a	3.30
	URT (mL)^a	50
Female	V_T (L)^a	0.464	0.992	1.364
	f (min⁻¹)^a	14	21	33
	Breathing route^b	0.3, 0.7	0.6, 0.4	0.7, 0.3
	FRC (L)^a	2.68
	URT (mL)^a	40

f breathing frequency, FRC functional residual capacity (assumed constant among activities), URT upper respiratory tract volume (assumed constant among activities), V_T tidal volume
^aData from Table B.15 of Ref. [8]
^bValues are the fraction of breath entering through the mouth and nose (fraction mouth, fraction nose) used in MPPD model version 3.04 for oronasal-mouth breather

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