Fig. 3
From: Lung-gut axis of microbiome alterations following co-exposure to ultrafine carbon black and ozone
Alterations of alpha diversity indices and relative abundance of gut microbial communities after multiple exposures. A Family level analysis of shared and unique microbiota at multiple exposures showing altered unique OTUs compared to air. B Shannon diversity index. The boxplots show median, quartile, smallest and largest observations. C Bacterial taxonomic profiles at the family level in the colon microbiota after multiple days CB, O3 or CB + O3 exposure. D Bacterial taxonomic profiles (top three families removed) after multiple exposures. E–G Significant increase in Xylanphilum, Oscillibacter and Anaeroplasma in the colon contents. H Lactobacillus significantly increased after multiple CB + O3 co-exposure. I Bacteroidetes level in the gut DNA increased significantly compared to control. J Firmicutes level altered in the gut. K Absolute bacterial load per ng of colon content DNA was analyzed using Qiacuity digital PCR. *p ≤ 0.05. *denotes significantly difference compared to air. #denotes significantly difference between ozone and co-exposure. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to determine the statistical significance of diversity index. n = 5–6