Table 9 Histopathological findings of F344/DuCrlCrlj rats treated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles for 90 days

Eye

Atrophy, outer retina (minimal)

4

–

–

0

4

–

–

0

Heart

Infiltrate, inflammatory cell (minimal, mild)

6

–

–

4

1

–

–

0

(6, 0)

(3, 1)

(1, 0)

Pituitary gland

Aberrant craniopharyngeal structure (mild)

0

–

–

1

0

–

–

0

Cyst, pars nervosa (minimal)

0

–

–

0

0

–

–

1

Nasal cavity

Yellowish brown material, mucosa, level 1 (minimal)

0

1

2

7**

0

0

2

7**

Yellowish brown material, mucosa, level 2 (minimal)

0

1

6*

9**

0

0

5*

7**

Yellowish brown material, mucosa, level 3 (minimal, mild)

0

3

9**

8**

0

2

6*

7**

(3, 0)

(9, 0)

(6, 2)

(2, 0)

(6, 0)

(7, 0)

Yellowish brown material, nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue, level 3 (minimal)

0

6*

7**

8**

0

5*

5*

9**

Hypertrophy, mucous cell, respiratory epithelium, level 1 (minimal, mild)

2

1

1

6

0

2

0

7**

(2, 0)

(1, 0)

(1, 0)

(6, 0)

(2, 0)

(4, 3)

Hypertrophy, mucous cell, respiratory epithelium, level 2 (minimal)

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

5*

Hypertrophy, mucous cell, nasopharyngeal duct, level 3 (minimal)

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

7**

Lung

Yellowish brown material, alveolar (Present)

0

1

3

8**

0

2

1

6*

Yellowish brown material, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (minimal, mild)

0

2

2

5*

0

2

3

4

(2, 0)

(1, 1)

(5, 0)

(2, 0)

(3, 0)

(3, 1)

Trachea

Yellowish brown material, subepithelial (minimal)

0

2

2

7**

0

2

1

4

Lymph node, cervical

Yellowish brown material (minimal)

0

0

6*

10**

0

4

6*

8**

Lymph node, mediastinal

Yellowish brown material (minimal, mild)

0

3

4

7**

0^†

2^†

4

5*

(3, 0)

(4, 0)

(7, 0)

(2, 0)

(3, 1)

(4, 1)

Esophagus

Yellowish brown material, lumen (present)

0

–

–

9**

0

–

–

2

Stomach

Yellowish brown material, lumen (present)

0

–

–

10**

0

–

–

10**

Duodenum

Yellowish brown material, lumen (present)

0

–

–

10**

0

–

–

9**

Jejunum

Yellowish brown material, lumen (present)

0

–

–

9**

0

–

–

7**

Ileum

Yellowish brown material, lumen (present)

0

6*

6*

10**

0

7**

8**

10**

Yellowish brown material, Payer's patch (minimal)

0

0

0

4

0

0

0

3

Cecum

Yellowish brown material, lumen (present)

0

–

–

10**

0

–

–

10**

Colon

Yellowish brown material, lumen (present)

0

–

–

10**

0

–

–

9**

Rectum

Yellowish brown material, lumen (present)

0

–

–

10**

0

–

–

4

Liver

Hepatodiaphragmatic nodule (Present)

3

–

–

1

0

–

–

0

Infiltrate, mononuclear cell (minimal)

0

–

–

0

2

–

–

1

Testis

Dilatation, tubule (mild)

0

–

–

1

–

–

–

–

Degeneration/Atrophy, tubule (mild)

0

–

–

1

Epididymis

Sperm, decreased, lumen (mild)

0

–

–

1

–

–

–

–

Prostate

Infiltrate, inflammatory cell (minimal)

2

–

–

3

–

–

–

–