Fig. 6

Colonic immune response of male and female mice exposed to Ref-Au or E175. Protein production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (A, H), IL-6 (B, I) TNFα (C, J), IFNγ (D, K) and IL-17 (E, L) as well as of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGFβ (F, M) and IL-10 (G, N) in the colon mucosa of male (A–G) and female (H–N) mice orally exposed to Ref-Au (10 µg/kg BW/d) or E175 (0.1, 1 and 10 µg/kg BW/d) for 13 weeks. Each dot represents an individual mouse. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001