Fig. 8
Enhanced ROS generation in MH-S cells exposed to PM2.5 with high glucose pretreatment. The cells were pretreated with 5 µM of H2DCF-DA for 2 h, followed by treatment with PM2.5 for 12 h (a) or with 50 μg/mL of PM2.5 for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h (b). c The cells were pretreated with 30 mM of glucose for 18 days and 5 µM of H2DCF-DA for 2 h, followed by treatment with PM2.5 for 12 h. Mannitol was used as an osmolality control. d The cells were pretreated with ROS inhibitors or scavengers for 2 h, followed by treatment with 5 µM of H2DCF-DA for 2 h and PM2.5 for 12 h. e The cells were pretreated with 30 mM of glucose for 18 days and DPI for 2 h, followed by treatment with 5 µM of H2DCF-DA for 2 h and PM2.5 for 12 h. The cells treated with physiological saline were used as control. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3). * p < 0.05 vs. control; # p < 0.05 vs. group with the same dose of PM2.5 treatment only; $ p < 0.05 vs. group with the same PM2.5 and glucose treatments, but without DPI pretreatment