Food-grade titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles induce toxicity and cardiac damage after oral exposure in rats

Table 1 Physicochemical characteristics of E171 and ZnO NPs

Nanoparticle	Vehicle	pH	Hydrodynamic size (nm)	Zeta potential (mV)	Polydispersity index
E171	HEPES saline solution	7	1022 ± 186	− 13.18 ± 1.93	0.18 ± 0.15
	Simulated gastric fluid	1.1	677 ± 18.5	− 9.19 ± 3.05	0.57 ± 0.01
	Simulated intestinal fluid	6.76	1147 ± 70.8	− 12.16 ± 1.02	0.68 ± 0.21
ZnO NPs	HEPES saline solution	7	448.9 ± 42	− 4.3 ± 1.16	0.96 ± 0.1
	Simulated gastric fluid	1.1	571 ± 48	− 7.07 ± 0.07	0.65 ± 0.01
	Simulated intestinal fluid	6.76	479 ± 30.8	− 14.45 ± 3.1	1.0 ± 0.1

E171 and ZnO NPs (20 μg) were dispersed in 1 mL of HEPES saline solution, simulated gastric (pH 1.1) and intestinal (pH 6.76) fluid. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation by triplicate of three independent experiments
Hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential and polydispersity index were measured by the Zetasizer Nano-ZS90

ISSN: 1743-8977